Normal gait speed varies by age and sex but not by geographical region: a systematic review

Andrews, A. Williams; Vallabhajosula, Srikant; Boise, Sarah; Bohannon, Richard W.

doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2022.11.005

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Firstly, in the CHARLS study, the walking speed test was conditioned to require respondents to be 60 years of age and older. Given that walking speed is closely related to age, multiple studies on the relationship between age and walking speed have shown that the actual walking speed of individuals aged 50–59 often surpasses the 1.0 m/s threshold identified for slow walking speed ( 7 , 52 , 53 ). Therefore, in this study, we defaulted to normal walking speeds for participants under 60 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain Characteristics and Progression to Sarcopenia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

Chen,

Yan,

Chu

et al. 2024

The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

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Background It is imperative for public health to identify the factors that contribute to the progression of sarcopenia among middle-aged and older adults. Our study aimed to investigate the association between pain characteristics and the progression to sarcopenia and its subcomponents among middle-aged and older adults in China. Methods We included 5568 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All participants completed assessments for pain characteristics and sarcopenia. Pain assessment included pain status (baseline pain, incident pain, pain persistence) and pain distribution (single-site pain and multisite pain) using a self-report questionnaire. Diagnosis of sarcopenia followed The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by logical regression analysis. Results Participants who reported baseline pain, multisite pain, pain persistence, or multisite pain persistence were more likely to progress to sarcopenia than those without pain, with ORs of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08-1.65), 1.44 (95% CI: 1.15-1.80), 1.63 (95% CI: 1.23-2.14), and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19-2.11), respectively. Even after adjusting for other covariates such as gender, age, residential area, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, co-morbidities, and falls, these associations remained significant. Additionally, pain persistence and multisite pain persistence were significantly associated with low grip strength and clinically meaningful Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) decline, but not with low muscle mass. Conclusions Our study showed that pain, especially pain persistence, was closely correlated to the increased risk of progression to sarcopenia in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain Characteristics and Progression to Sarcopenia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

Chen,

Yan,

Chu

et al. 2024

The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

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“…Our findings are consistent with the established trend of decreasing habitual gait speed [ 11 , 23 ] and fast speed [ 13 ] with increasing age. Similarly, the age-related gait speed decline was marked in midlife and further accelerated in the geriatric age groups [ 13 , 14 ]. Gender did not significantly influence gait speeds ( Table 2 ), even with further comparisons made with age, height, and BMI stratifications ( Table 3 ), except in the fast gait speed test between genders of the 31–40 age group ( p = 0.01).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None have included the reference range of younger adults except for disease-specific studies in recent years. While gait speed performance seems age-related [ 14 ], it also appears to be influenced by multiple factors based on available studies. The utilisation of gait speed assessment as a tool for identifying individuals susceptible to health deterioration and tracking functional improvement towards enhanced functionality and life quality may hold significant implications [ 15 ], and this can be applicable even in the younger adult population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Values for Habitual and Fast Gait Speed in Singapore Adults Aged 21 to 80

Yang,

Leung,

Lim

et al. 2024

JCM

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Objectives: Gait speed indicates the individual’s functional status and predicts overall health. This study aims to determine (1) the intra- and inter-rater and test–retest reliability of the dynamic 4 m gait speed test protocol; (2) establish the normative reference values of habitual and fast gait speeds in community-dwelling healthy Singaporean adults aged 21 to 80; and (3) explore the association of age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) on gait speed. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study recruited healthy ambulatory community-dwelling Singaporeans aged 21 to 80 who could ambulate independently without aid. Participants were excluded if they required walking aids; were pregnant; or had physical, medical, or cognitive conditions that may affect gait. Each participant completed at least two habitual and fast gait speed test trials via a 4 m walkway with a dynamic start. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney test, the Spearman coefficient, and the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: In total, 178 males and 201 females were included in the data analysis. The median age was 45.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 26.2–59.0], and the median height was 1.64 metres (m) (IQR 1.58–1.70). The median habitual gait speed was 1.08 metre/second (m/s) (IQR 0.97–1.22), and the fast gait speed was 1.55 m/s (IQR 1.40–1.70). The ICC for reliability ranged from 0.84 to 0.99, indicating that the 4 m gait speed test had good-to-excellent reliability. Conclusions: Gait speeds were not influenced by gender but declined with age advancement. Age and height and age and BMI were weakly correlated to habitual and fast gait speed, respectively. We established the norm values for the 4 m gait speeds in Singapore and proved it to be a reliable gait speed assessment ready for immediate community applications.

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“…In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, Andrews et al [108] examined the comfortable gait speed in community-dwelling healthy adults. The mean comfortable gait speed in young adults was 1.38 m/s in women and 1.40 m/s in men and it slowed through the adult years.…”

Section: Doi Et Al (2017) [104]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Physical Performance Markers for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults

Kerminen,

Marzetti,

D’Angelo

2024

JCM

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Dementia is a major cause of poor quality of life, disability, and mortality in old age. According to the geroscience paradigm, the mechanisms that drive the aging process are also involved in the pathogenesis of chronic degenerative diseases, including dementia. The dissection of such mechanisms is therefore instrumental in providing biological targets for interventions and new sources for biomarkers. Within the geroscience paradigm, several biomarkers have been discovered that can be measured in blood and that allow early identification of individuals at risk of cognitive impairment. Examples of such markers include inflammatory biomolecules, markers of neuroaxonal damage, extracellular vesicles, and DNA methylation. Furthermore, gait speed, measured at a usual and fast pace and as part of a dual task, has been shown to detect individuals at risk of future dementia. Here, we provide an overview of available biomarkers that may be used to gauge the risk of cognitive impairment in apparently healthy older adults. Further research should establish which combination of biomarkers possesses the highest predictive accuracy toward incident dementia. The implementation of currently available markers may allow the identification of a large share of at-risk individuals in whom preventive interventions should be implemented to maintain or increase cognitive reserves, thereby reducing the risk of progression to dementia.

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Normal gait speed varies by age and sex but not by geographical region: a systematic review

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

Pain Characteristics and Progression to Sarcopenia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

Pain Characteristics and Progression to Sarcopenia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

Reference Values for Habitual and Fast Gait Speed in Singapore Adults Aged 21 to 80

Biological and Physical Performance Markers for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults

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