Normal development of the knee angle in healthy Indian children: A clinical study of 215 children

Saini, Uttam Chand; Bali, Kamal; Sheth, Binoti; Gahlot, Nitesh; Gahlot, Arushi

doi:10.1007/s11832-010-0297-z

Cited by 36 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…4,6,16,23,24 The average TFA value at the age of 7-8 years is 4-8°, 6,16 and if it is ≥8°, it should be considered abnormal and further evaluation should be necessary. 16 In our study in first study period children had essentially higher TFA values in all six measurement points, which might be explained by obesity, height, and increased tone and stiffness of m. tensor fascia latae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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Objective: Genu valgum (GV), also known as valgus knee, or knock-knee, is a common orthopaedic condition in growing children. Physiological genu valgum have intermalleolar distance of up to 8 cm, the greatest distance being observed between 3 and 4 years, disappearing gradually after the age of 7-8 years. If the longitudinal axis of the knee joint is not aligned by then, physiotherapeutic intervention is called for. Aim:The aim of our study was to determine if garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator could be used in mechanotherapy to correct children's excessive GV. Methods:The study has lasted last 6 years and there has been three study periods. In all study-periods, practical part lasted six months. Inclusion criterias were: subjects were not involved in physical therapy and did not wear orthoses during the study. Once in every month myometric values (tone, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of m. sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius caput mediale, m. peroneus longus) were determined with MyotonPro (Myoton AS, Estonia); anthropometric (height, body mass, intermalleolar distance), and goniometric (tibiofemoral angle) parameters were measured according to the standard technique. During the last three months children didn't wear garment and final measurement was done to evaluate long term effect of garment. Individual analysis was carried out to evaluate the results. Results:After wearing the garments with pressure and elastic components the changes in the lower limb joint alignment and biomechanical parameters promoted the correction of GV position. Three months after the wearing period the changes occurred the worsening of GV position, which indicates that the muscles could not maintain the condition achieved by wearing the garment. Conclusion:The relationship between applied mechano therapeutic stimulus and changes in the lower limb joint alignment and changes of the biomechanical parameters are individual. Study continues with upgrading a device where a new solution is found using digital technology to measure tensile strength at a desired period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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“…The peak valgus knee angle (8.5°) is similar to that of American, Korean and Indian children at ages 4 and 6 years [2,4,10]. Although the use of different techniques to estimate the knee angles might be responsible for variations in observations in the different studies, it is more likely that these variations are due to possible ethnic and racial differences between different population groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Development of the tibiofemoral angle in a cohort of Nigerian children during the first 3 years of life

Oyewole

Akinpelu

Odole

2013

Journal of Children's Orthopaedics

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Purpose Findings from cross-sectional studies of knee angle development in Nigerian children vary in values and in the age at which the varus angle changes to the valgus angle. This study was conducted to describe knee angle development and to determine the age when the knee angle changes from the varus to the valgus angle. Methods This was a longitudinal survey of 152 Nigerian children recruited within 3 weeks of life and followed up monthly until age 3 years. Their knee angle was measured using clinical methods. Results The mean tibio-femoral/varus knee angle (13.2 ± 3.8°) at birth-3 weeks of life decreased sharply to 5.6 ± 0.7°at 9 months, increased slightly to 6.3 ± 1.1°at 13 months, and then decreased again up to age 18 months (0.3 ± 2.1°). The mean valgus knee angle increased from -2.4 ± 2.5°at 19 months of life to -8.5 ± 2.5°a t 27 months and then decreased to -7.7 ± 2.2°at 36 months. Intercondylar/intermalleolar distances (ICD/ IMD) showed a similar pattern, changing from an extreme varus knee (ICD) at birth-3 weeks of life (2.5 ± 0.7 cm), decreasing to 0.6 ± 0.2 cm at 9 months, increasing to 0.8 ± 0.5 cm at 12 months, and decreasing to 0.1 ± 0.4 cm at 15 months. The mean IMD increased from -0.1 ± 0.8 cm at 16 months of life to -2.0 ± 1.5 cm at 29 months and then decreased up to 36 months. Our tri-modal analysis showed that the transition from the varus to the valgus angle was between 18 and 19 months. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the developmental pattern of the knee angle in Nigerian children is at maximal varus at birth, neutral at 18 months of life, and valgus at 19 months, with the valgus angle continuing to increase up to 36 months.

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“…Secondly, the evaluation of valgus deformity was performed by a clinical method which raises concerns about its reliability and reproducibility. However, the clinical method of measuring the knee angle is validated [31], widely accepted, easily reproducible and is inexpensive and radiation-free [34]. Moreover, it was performed by an experienced paediatric orthopaedic surgeon using fixed bony points to calculate the TF angle and the IM distance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was performed by an experienced paediatric orthopaedic surgeon using fixed bony points to calculate the TF angle and the IM distance. Additionally, the palpation of bony landmarks is practical and easy, diminishing the possibility of an erroneous measurement even in obese children [34]. Third, the results are not accompanied by supportive analysis of biological data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal Risk Factors and Genu Valgum Conducive to the Onset of Growing Pains in Early Childhood

2016

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The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder of childhood with unclear aetiology is growing pains (GPs). Anatomic deformities and factors that change bone turnover are implicated in GP pathophysiology. Perinatal risk factors alter the bone metabolism affecting the bone mineral density and content. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between GPs, knock knees and perinatal factors. The examined population consisted of 276 children aged 3–7 years. Among them, ten pairs of dizygotic twins were evaluated. The data were collected by using a combination of semi-structured questionnaires, clinical examinations and medical charts of the children and the obstetric history of the mothers. A total of 78 children presenting GPs met Peterson’s criteria. Genu valgum severity was a significant factor for GP manifestation and for their increased frequency and intensity. Subsequently, perinatal factors regarding gestational age, Apgar score, head circumference (lower than 33 cm) and birth length or weight (smaller than 50 cm and 3000 g, respectively) made a remarkable contribution to the development of GPs. Conversely, antenatal corticosteroid treatment, increased maternal age and maternal smoking during pregnancy were not predictive of the disorder. Our data are potentially supportive for the “bone strength” theory and for the contribution of anatomical disturbances in GP appearance.

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Normal development of the knee angle in healthy Indian children: A clinical study of 215 children

Cited by 36 publications

References 15 publications

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Development of the tibiofemoral angle in a cohort of Nigerian children during the first 3 years of life

Perinatal Risk Factors and Genu Valgum Conducive to the Onset of Growing Pains in Early Childhood

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