Normal and Abnormal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Chan, Wood Yee; Kostović, Ivica; Takashima, Sachio; Feldhaus, Christian; Stoltenburg‐Didinger, Gisela; Verney, Catherine; Yew, David T.; Ulfig, Norbert

doi:10.1159/000054267

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…they predominate in white matter and invade grey matter only when these areas are at a more advanced stage of development structurally and functionally). Their colonisation during the fetal period coincides with neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and the development of axonal-target connections [66]. The early emergence of microglial progenitors within the subplate (and intermediate zone) of the telencephalon may be important from the viewpoint that this region is known to harbour thalamocortical projections with a high degree of synaptogenesis [66], as well as the highest index of apoptosis in the developing CNS [61].…”

Section: Potential Physiological Functions Of Microglia In the Human mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development

Rezaie¹

2003

Neuroembryol Aging

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Microglia are the principal resident mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). They are representatives of the immune system intrinsic to this organ. These cells are morphologically, phenotypically and functionally distinct from other populations of mononuclear phagocytes associated with the CNS, such as perivascular macrophages, supraependymal macrophages, epiplexus cells of the choroid plexus and meningeal macrophages. While the origin of microglia has been the subject of controversy for many years, the prevailing view holds that they are derived from mesenchyme (mesodermal elements) or from circulating blood mononuclear progenitors (monocytes) that penetrate the nervous tissues early in development. This article will review the location, distribution, morphology and phenotype of microglia in the developing human CNS. Potential functional roles for microglia are discussed in relation to developmental events.

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Section: Potential Physiological Functions Of Microglia In the Human mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development

Rezaie¹

2003

Neuroembryol Aging

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“…The prenatal and postnatal period is characterized by different phases in neuronal development [1,2]. We studied the development of cortical neurons with a number of techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Immunocytochemical Differentiation of Neurons in Prenatal and Postnatal Human Prefrontal Cortex

et al. 2002

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Background and Aims: In the prenatal and postnatal period, the human cortex undergoes different phases of development. The question therefore was, which phases of growth characterize pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. Results and Conclusions: The major neuronal outgrowth occurs mainly in the first 2 postnatal years, both for pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. The mature level of outgrowth is reached at about 3–4 years. The neurochemical specification, however, is then still not at the mature level. The mature distribution of neuropeptide Y, calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons is observed in early puberty.

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“…The subplate zone serves as a major 'waiting' compartment for thalamocortical, corticocortical associative and commissural pathways [10,16,17] during the period between 13 and 36 postovulatory weeks (W). It is our assumption that, by analogy to changes described in the experimental primate model [8], many thalamocortical fibres, which massively invade the subplate zone between 13 and 24 W, can be preserved and relocated to those cortical targets which are deprived of input due to the localized laminar lesions of other, vulnerable afferent pathways ( fig.…”

Section: Laminar and Areal Plasticity And Waiting Thalamocortical Patmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Subplate Zone in the Structural Plasticity of the Developing Human Cerebral Cortex

Kostović¹,

Judaš²

2002

Neuroembryol Aging

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Background: Perinatal lesions of the human brain are followed by a variable extent of functional plasticity and recovery of neurological and cognitive functions. In trying to determine the structural basis of that plasticity, previous studies proposed an essential role for the neuronal elements of the subplate zone. Aim: The purpose of this review is to identify essential features of the subplate zone which represent a developmental potential significant for the areal, axonal, modular and synaptic plasticity of the cerebral cortex, with special emphasis on long ‘waiting’ axonal pathways of the subplate zone. Results: The following features of the subplate zone were found to be essential for its role in the structural plasticity of the human cerebral cortex after periventricular lesions: (1) the presence of waiting fibres; (2) early areal accumulation of thalamocortical afferents; (3) early tangential compartmentalization of neuronal elements; (4) the abundance of extracellular matrix and growth-promoting molecules; (5) the presence of early maturing neurons, neurotransmitters and synapses; (6) differential cell death, and (7) a specific response to hypoxia or perfusion failure. The crucial period for the participation of thalamocortical afferents in the areal and laminar reconstruction is around 24/26 postovulatory weeks (W). For corticocortical callosal and long associative pathways, the critical period is around 34 W and lesions of these fibres can probably cause changes in the formation of gyri, especially around ventriculomegalic and porencephalic regions. It is essential that the subplate zone as well as major related axonal bundles can be visualized in the human cerebrum by the MRI technique. Conclusions: ‘Waiting’ fibres and transient cells of the subplate zone participate in areal, laminar, gyral, axonal, modular and synaptic rearrangements after perinatal lesion in the preterm infant and set limits for the structural plasticity between 22 and 34 W.

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Normal and Abnormal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Cited by 30 publications

References 97 publications

Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development

Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development

Structural and Immunocytochemical Differentiation of Neurons in Prenatal and Postnatal Human Prefrontal Cortex

The Role of the Subplate Zone in the Structural Plasticity of the Developing Human Cerebral Cortex

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