“…6b, d, f, and h the highly resolved N 1s spectra exhibited five major species namely pyridinic N (N pyri ), pyrrolic N (N pyro ), metal-N (Co-N x ), graphitic N (N gra ), and N oxide (N oxide ) with corresponding BEs of ∼398.1 eV, 399.5 eV, 400.2 eV, 401.3 eV and 404 eV, respectively. 35 The slight negative shift in N pyri was due to charge density modification between the N doped carbon layers and the Co particles, which was consistent with the predicated work function. The active species present at the edge of the framework, i.e., N pyri bound to Co (Co-N) with a BE of ∼399 eV (∼1 eV upshift from that of pristine N pyri ) were considered to be active centers.…”