Noradrenergic Sympathetic Innervation of Lymphoid Organs1

Felten, Suzanne Y.; Felten, David L.; Bellinger, Denise L.; Carlson, Sonia L.; Ackerman, Kurt D.; Madden, Kelley S.; Olschowka, John A.; Livnat, Shmuel

doi:10.1159/000416168

Cited by 190 publications

(220 citation statements)

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“…A feature of the biology of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in cattle, pigs and sheep is that the large continuous aggregate of lymphoid tissue in the ileum and distal jejunum undergoes involution around the time of sexual maturity (Griebel & Hein, 1996;Reynolds & Morris, 1983). While the studies in cattle and pigs did not consider the influence of involution on innervation, studies in rodents and birds have shown that the innervation of lymphoid organs changes with age (Felten et al, 1987). With involution, tissues such as the thymus (Madden et al, 1998) and bursa of Fabricius (Ciriaco et al, 1995) experience an apparent increase in the density of noradrenergic fibres that may be related to altered immune function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease-associated PrP in the enteric nervous system of scrapie-affected Suffolk sheep

Heggebø

González²,

Press

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

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Disease-associated prion protein (PrP d ) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of 20-to 24-monthold Suffolk sheep in the late subclinical and early clinical phase of scrapie was studied. Sites in the alimentary tract extending from the forestomachs and abomasum to the colon from scrapie-affected sheep (PrP ARQ/ARQ ) and scrapie-resistant sheep (PrP ARR/ARQ and PrP ARR/ARR ) were examined.PrP d was found only in scrapie-affected sheep and was most prominent in the ENS when abundant deposits of PrP d were also present in adjacent lymphoid nodules. Immunolabelling with the nerve fibre markers PgP 9.5 and neuron-specific enolase and the satellite cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed the extensive ganglionated networks of the myenteric and submucosal plexi. Fewer nerve fibres were present in the lamina propria, T-cell dominated interfollicular areas and dome regions of Peyer's patches. A substantial network of nerve fibres was detected in many lymphoid nodules of both the scrapie-affected and scrapie-resistant sheep. Nerve fibres were also detected within the capsule of lymphoid nodules. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of nerves in the lymphoid nodules, showing a close association with follicular dendritic cells, lymphocytes and tingible body macrophages. In demonstrating that lymphoid nodules in the Peyer's patches of scrapie-affected sheep possess a substantial network of nerve fibres, the present study shows that nodules provide close contact between nerve fibres and cell populations known to contain abundant PrP d , including follicular dendritic cells and tingible body macrophages, and that gut-associated lymphoid nodules in sheep may represent an important site for neuroinvasion. INTRODUCTIONScrapie is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats that is characterized by the accumulation of a protease-resistant conformer of the cellular prion protein PrP C , which is considered identical to the infectious agent (Prusiner, 1982). The uptake of the scrapie agent from the alimentary tract is the most likely natural route of infection but the processes involved in the movement of the invading agent from the gut lumen to the central nervous system (CNS) are only partially understood. While the early accumulation of disease-associated PrP (PrP d ) in lymphoid tissues has been shown to facilitate neuroinvasion (Lasmézas et al., 1996), it is probably the involvement of peripheral nerves that represents the final common pathway for neuroinvasion in vivo (Race et al., 2000). Studies in PrPknockout mice have shown that a non-haematopoietic PrPpositive cell-type is required for neuroinvasion, arguing against a central role for haematogenous routes of infection (Race et al., 2000). It has also been shown that neuroinvasion can occur without the involvement of lymphoid tissues and bypass the spinal cord to enter the CNS via the vagus nerve and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (Beekes et al., 1998). Indeed, the vagus nerve would appear to be the primary route for the transfer of infectivit...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease-associated PrP in the enteric nervous system of scrapie-affected Suffolk sheep

Heggebø

González²,

Press

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

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“…Organs and tissues of the immune system, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, are innervated by the autonomic nervous system (1,2). Brain stimulation or lesions have profound effects on numbers of thymus and spleen cells and on several immune functions (3,4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Involvement of brain opiate receptors in the immune-suppressive effect of morphine.

Shavit¹,

Depaulis²,

Martin³

et al. 1986

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

181

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We previously reported that a single systemic injection of a high dose of morphine (-20 mg/kg) transiently suppresses splenic natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. The present study examined the possibility that the immunesuppressive effect of morphine is mediated by opiate receptors in the brain. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that morphine (20 or 40 Ag) injected into the lateral ventricle suppressed natural killer cell activity to the same degree as a systemic dose higher by three orders of magnitude. This effect was blocked by an opiate antagonist, naltrexone. Natural killer cell activity was unaffected by systemic administration of N-methylmorphine, a morphine analogue that does not cross the blood-brain barrier. These data implicate opiate receptors in the brain in morphine-induced suppression of natural killer cell cytotoxicity. 7114The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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“…In the 1980s and 1990s, David Felten, a neuroanatomist then at the University of Rochester in New York, captured microscopic images of hybrid neuron-T-cell synapses in various animals 7 -not just in the spleen, where Tracey saw them, but also in the lymph nodes, thymus and gut. These neurons belong to what is called the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates body responses to certain stressors.…”

Section: Shock Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

The shock tactics set to shake up immunology

Fox¹

2017

Nature

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Noradrenergic Sympathetic Innervation of Lymphoid Organs1

Cited by 190 publications

References 0 publications

Disease-associated PrP in the enteric nervous system of scrapie-affected Suffolk sheep

Disease-associated PrP in the enteric nervous system of scrapie-affected Suffolk sheep

Involvement of brain opiate receptors in the immune-suppressive effect of morphine.

The shock tactics set to shake up immunology

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