Noradrenaline release in the rat amygdala is increased by stress: studies with intracerebral microdialysis

Tanaka, Takahiko; Yokoo, Hideyasu; Mizoguchi, Katsuhiro; Yoshida, Masami; Tsuda, Atsushi; Tanaka, Masatoshi

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90902-8

Cited by 117 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In both situations of stress and ethanol withdrawal the triggering signal for CRF-IR release may be due to norepinephrine released from the terminals innervating the Ce (Fallon et al, 1988;Gavin, 1990). A recent microdialysis experiment (Tanaka et al, 1991) showed that the temporal profile of norepinephrine release from the amygdala of rats exposed to 20 min restraint stress closely matches that of CRF-IR described in the present work. In vitro norepinephrine evokes CRF-IR release from hypothalamic neurons (Tsagarakis et al, 1988;Hu et al, 1992), while microdialysis experiments show that CRF produces norepinephrine release from nerve terminals in prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus (Lavicky and Dunn, 1993), suggesting the existence of a reciprocal stimulating interaction between CRF and norepinephrine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis

et al. 1995

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Previous research has suggested a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the anxiogenic effects of stressful stimuli and ethanol withdrawal. This hypothesis was explored in a series of experiments using intracranial microdialysis to monitor CRF-like immunoreactivity (CRF-IR) in the extracellular compartment of the rat amygdala. The synaptic origin of CRF-IR release in the amygdala was determined in vitro by assessing the Ca2+ dependency of 4-aminopyridine stimulated CRF-IR release from tissue preparations of rat amygdala. In vivo experiments were performed in awake rats after the placement of microdialysis probes in the amygdala. In the first experiment, transient restraint stress (20 min) produced an increase of CRF-IR release (basal levels, 1.19 +/- 0.15 fmol/50 microliters; stress levels, 4.54 +/- 1.33 fmol/50 microliters; p < 0.05) that returned to basal values within 1 hr. When 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) was added to the perfusion medium, it consistently increased CRF-IR release (4.83 +/- 0.92 fmol/50 microliters, p < 0.05). In the second experiment, CRF-IR release was measured during ethanol withdrawal in rats previously maintained for 2–3 weeks on a liquid diet containing ethanol (8.5%). Basal CRF-IR levels were 2.10 +/- 0.43 fmol/50 microliters in ethanol exposed rats and 1.30 +/- 0.19 fmol/50 microliters in control rats. During withdrawal, a progressive increase of CRF-IR levels over time was observed, reaching peak values at 10–12 hr after the onset of withdrawal (10.65 +/- 0.49 fmol/50 microliters vs 1.15 +/- 0.30 fmol/50 microliters of control rats, p < 0.01).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis

et al. 1995

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“…A number of studies indicate that exposure to stressful stimuli activates NE terminals in the AMG [4]. For example, some experiments have demonstrated that immobilization increases synthesis, release, and metabolism of NE in the AMG in conscious rats [41,42]. The mechanism by which NE in the AMG activates the HPA axis following photic stimulation is not entirely clear.…”

Section: The Role Of Central Neurotransmiters In Mediating the Efect mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Amygdala in Regulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Weidenfeld¹,

Ovadia²

2017

The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories

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We investigated the regulatory role of the amygdala upon the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as measured by median eminence corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) content and serum levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Our indings showed that (1) lesions of the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to a variety of stressful stimuli. (2) Depletion of norepinephrine or serotonin in the amygdala and hypothalamus and local injections of norepinephrine and serotonin receptor antagonists into the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to neural stress. Norepinephrine and serotonin agonists injected into the amygdala caused an increase in HPA axis activity. The activation of the amygdala facilitated the in vivo release of serotonin from the paraventricular nucleus following electrical stimulation of the brainstem raphe nuclei. (3) Electrical stimulation of the amygdala impaired the glucocorticoid negative feedback action following neural stressful stimuli probably via a decrease in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors.

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“…Recent reports have suggested that different types of stress may sometimes produce qualitatively different patterns of effects on both behavior and physiology. Using an in vivo microdialysis method, Tanaka et al (2,3) reported that the same immobilization stress led to a different time course of changes in norepinephrine (NE) levels in the amygdala when compared to the hypothalamus, suggesting regional differences in release due to functional differences in the stress response. Shibasaki et al (4) showed that the response pattern of NE release to repeated stress in the hypothalamus was also dependent on the type of stressor employed, since restraint stress, but not tail-pinching, promotes desensitization of hypothalamic NE neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stress on catecholamine stores in central and peripheral tissues of long-term socially isolated rats

Dronjak

Gavrilović

2006

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Both the peripheral sympatho-adrenomedullary and central catecholaminergic systems are activated by various psycho-social and physical stressors. Catecholamine stores in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, adrenal glands, and heart auricles of long-term socially isolated (21 days) and control 3-month-old male Wistar rats, as well as their response to immobilization of all 4 limbs and head fixed for 2 h and cold stress (4ºC, 2 h), were studied. A simultaneous single isotope radioenzymatic assay based on the conversion of catecholamines to the corresponding O-methylated derivatives by catechol-O-methyltransferase in the presence of S-adenosyl-l-( 3 H-methyl)-methionine was used. The O-methylated derivatives were oxidized to 3 H-vanilline and the radioactivity measured. Social isolation produced depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine (about 18%) and hippocampal dopamine (about 20%) stores and no changes in peripheral tissues. Immobilization decreased catecholamine stores (approximately 39%) in central and peripheral tissues of control animals. However, in socially isolated rats, these reductions were observed only in the hippocampus and peripheral tissues. Cold did not affect hypothalamic catecholamine stores but reduced hippocampal dopamine (about 20%) as well as norepinephrine stores in peripheral tissues both in control and socially isolated rats, while epinephrine levels were unchanged. Thus, immobilization was more efficient in reducing catecholamine stores in control and chronically isolated rats compared to cold stress. The differences in rearing conditions appear to influence the response of adult animals to additional stress. In addition, the influence of previous exposure to a stressor on catecholaminergic activity in the brainstem depends on both the particular catecholaminergic area studied and the properties of additional acute stress. Therefore, the sensitivity of the catecholaminergic system to habituation appears to be tissuespecific.

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Noradrenaline release in the rat amygdala is increased by stress: studies with intracerebral microdialysis

Cited by 117 publications

References 13 publications

Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis

Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis

The Role of the Amygdala in Regulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Effects of stress on catecholamine stores in central and peripheral tissues of long-term socially isolated rats

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