Noradrenaline and the context-dependent extinction effect

Järbe, Torbjörn U. C.; Callenholm, N.E.B.; Mohammed, Abdul K.; Archer, Trevor

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90416-6

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Other studies have suggested a role for adrenergic signaling in extinction, although the nature of the role was not well defined (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Somewhat similar to our results, blockade of NMDA receptors can diminish conditioned responding and prevent long-term extinction (24,(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

A requirement for memory retrieval during and after long-term extinction learning

Ouyang

Thomas²

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Current learning theories are based on the idea that learning is driven by the difference between expectations and experience (the delta rule). In extinction, one learns that certain expectations no longer apply. Here, we test the potential validity of the delta rule by manipulating memory retrieval (and thus expectations) during extinction learning. Adrenergic signaling is critical for the timelimited retrieval (but not acquisition or consolidation) of contextual fear. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches to manipulate adrenergic signaling, we find that long-term extinction requires memory retrieval but not conditioned responding. Identical manipulations of the adrenergic system that do not affect memory retrieval do not alter extinction. The results provide substantial support for the delta rule of learning theory. In addition, the timing over which extinction is sensitive to adrenergic manipulation suggests a model whereby memory retrieval occurs during, and several hours after, extinction learning to consolidate long-term extinction memory.M odern learning theories are based on the detection of a mismatch between expectations and experience (the delta rule) (1-5), with expectations depending on the retrieval of past experiences. When an organism is naïve, there are no relevant memories (expectations) to retrieve, and learning may occur because of the large difference (delta) between experience and the lack of any expectations. In extinction, however, one learns that a previously acquired association, outcome, or concept no longer applies, at least under some circumstances (6-9). According to learning theories based on the delta rule, the process of extinction begins when an expected event fails to occur. Thus, it is postulated that memory for the expected event must be retrieved during extinction learning. On the other hand, extinction learning could proceed in the absence of retrieval, similar to what may occur for naïve learning; however, this situation would be contrary to learning theories based on the delta rule. Thus, examining the requirement for memory retrieval in extinction learning provides an opportunity to test a fundamental tenet of modern learning theories. This hypothesis has been difficult to examine because it has not been clear how to specifically block memory retrieval under conditions that elicit extinction.Pavlovian conditioning is a learning paradigm in which neutral stimuli become associated with a salient event (unconditioned stimulus, US) (10). Neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli (CSs) that predict the US and elicit a conditioned response (CR). This simple form of associative learning has been widely used to study learning and memory in humans and animals (11). A paradigm for rapid Pavlovian learning, fear conditioning results in robust associative memory after a single experience. In one training session, rodents can learn to associate CSs such as the apparatus (context) and a cue (e.g., tone) with shock. Extinction of fear occurs when there is sufficient exposure to a...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

A requirement for memory retrieval during and after long-term extinction learning

Ouyang

Thomas²

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…An increase of the contextual control of CTA induced by taste familiarity has been reported (Puente et al 1988;Boakes et al 1997). Consistent with this finding, the bulk of the studies reporting context dependency of CTA expression have applied several conditioning trials (Archer et al 1979(Archer et al , 1980Jarbe et al 1986;Puente et al 1988;Loy et al 1993;Boakes et al 1997).…”

Section: Physical and Temporal Context Modulation Of Learningsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Whereas rats readily associate tastes of substances with their visceral consequences (García and Koelling 1966;García et al 1968;Bures et al 1998;Bernstein 1999), contextual cues also modulate conditioned taste aversions (CTA), because the context specificity, both of the expression (Boakes et al 1997;Archer et al 1979Archer et al , 1980Jarbe et al 1986;Puente et al 1988;Bonardi et al 1990;Loy et al 1993) and extinction (Rosas and Bouton 1997;Archer et al 1979) of a learned aversion, and of the latent inhibition (LI) of CTA (Rudy et al 1977;Hall and Channell 1986) has been reported. In CTA studies, context frequently refers to a particular place that may combine a variety of external environmental cues.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Contextual Modulation of Conditioned Taste Aversions by the Physical Environment and Time of Day Is Similar

et al. 2002

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In a pair of experiments, we have compared the ability of changes of place (Exp. 1) and changes of time of day (Exp. 2) to separately modulate learned saline-aversion memory phenomena in rats. Neither a spatial nor a temporal change disrupted latent inhibition using the present behavioral procedure. However, pre-exposure to the taste increased the contextual control of the learned aversion expression. The aversion reappeared in the place or at the time of conditioning after extinction in a different context. The results indicate that environmental and temporal contexts can independently, but similarly modulate taste aversion learning.Context is an often loosely defined term, which in neuroscience is becoming more common, especially with the current interest to investigate the neural bases of episodic memory in humans (Nadel et al 1985;Schacter and Tulving 1994) and to search for equivalent memory phenomena in nonhuman animals (Clayton and Dickinson 1998;Aggleton and Brown 1999). Whereas rats readily associate tastes of substances with their visceral consequences (García and Koelling 1966;García et al. 1968;Bures et al. 1998;Bernstein 1999), contextual cues also modulate conditioned taste aversions (CTA), because the context specificity, both of the expression (Boakes et al. 1997;Archer et al. 1979Archer et al. , 1980Jarbe et al. 1986;Puente et al. 1988;Bonardi et al. 1990;Loy et al. 1993) and extinction (Rosas and Bouton 1997;Archer et al. 1979) of a learned aversion, and of the latent inhibition (LI) of CTA (Rudy et al. 1977;Hall and Channell 1986) has been reported. In CTA studies, context frequently refers to a particular place that may combine a variety of external environmental cues. However, a broad definition of context may include not only external, but also internal, background cues and a sense of time (Bouton 1993;Pearce and Bouton 2001). Very few of the above-cited studies reporting context modulation of CTA have included the time of day as part of the context, either purposely (Rosas and Bouton 1997) or as the outcome of applying two daily drinking sessions (Hall and Channell 1986;Bonardi et al. 1990). Moreover, although the possibility that the time of day may itself form a context is supported by a recent report showing a time-of-day-dependent expression of the behavioral sensitization to amphetamine (Arvanitogiannis et al. 2000), to our knowledge, no study has explored the ability of the time of day to modulate CTA independently of the spatial context.In the present experiments, we specifically examine whether spatial (Exp. 1) and temporal (Exp. 2) contextual cues separately modulate learned saline-aversion memory phenomema. In Experiment 1, two different sized and shaped cages were used as contexts (Fig. 1). The environments differed in location, geometry, visual, auditory, and tactile cues. In Experiment 2, two different times during the illumination cycle were used as temporal contexts. To differentiate them as much as possible, morning (10:00) and evening (20:00) drinking sessions were used. E...

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Neurochemistry and Behavior: Differential Postweaning Housing and Catecholamines

Archer¹,

Mohammed²

1989

Ethoexperimental Approaches to the Study of Behavior

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Noradrenaline and the context-dependent extinction effect

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

A requirement for memory retrieval during and after long-term extinction learning

A requirement for memory retrieval during and after long-term extinction learning

The Contextual Modulation of Conditioned Taste Aversions by the Physical Environment and Time of Day Is Similar

Neurochemistry and Behavior: Differential Postweaning Housing and Catecholamines

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