Nonvascular Pediatric Interventional Radiology

Abstract

Interventional radiology procedures are increasingly in demand in both the adult and pediatric populations. Pediatric procedures mirror many of the adult procedures but with increased complexity due to considerations related to patient size and the requirements for sedation and radiation protection. This article reviews the various nonvascular pediatric interventional procedures and provides information on sedation and radiation protection. The aim is to provide a greater exposure to the possible treatment options for pediatric patients and to facilitate understanding of imaging after various interventions.

Percutaneous Biliary Interventions in Pediatric Patients

“…Second, given the predominantly benign nature of their diseases, patients theoretically have a normal life expectancy after liver transplantation; so, the development of stochastic radiation damage must be taken into account. 32,33 In the last several decades, several campaigns have brought awareness to this issue with the best known as the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle. In 2009, a "step lightly, image gently" campaign was launched by the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging 11,12,[33][34][35] to further educate and raise awareness about the use of radiographic examinations in the pediatric population.…”

“…32,33 In the last several decades, several campaigns have brought awareness to this issue with the best known as the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle. In 2009, a "step lightly, image gently" campaign was launched by the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging 11,12,[33][34][35] to further educate and raise awareness about the use of radiographic examinations in the pediatric population.…”

“…Second, given the predominantly benign nature of their diseases, patients theoretically have a normal life expectancy after liver transplantation; so, the development of stochastic radiation damage must be taken into account. 32 33…”

“…Remove the anti-scatter grid especially for younger children with a bodyweight <15 kg (additional evidence suggests that this could be applied for repeat interventions in adults as well). 11 32 33…”

“…It is most desirable to set up a short source-image distance and a short-object detector distance, because the detector entrance dose is held constant by the angiography system; so based on the inverse square law, the system increases the radiation dose emitted with increase of these distances. 11 33 36…”