Nontraditional Electrode Materials in Environmental Analysis of Biologically Active Organic Compounds

Abstract

This review describes recent results regarding voltammetric and amperometric determination of submicromolar concentrations of various environmentally important biologically active organic substances using nontraditional types of electrodes either in batch analysis or in flow liquid systems (especially HPLC or FIA with electrochemical detection). Attention is paid to solid amalgam electrodes (environmentally friendly alternatives to mercury electrodes), to carbon paste electrodes with easily renewable surface, to boron doped diamond film electrodes with very low noise and broad potential window, and to inexpensive solid composite electrodes with high signal-to-noise ratio, compatibility with organic solvents and easy mechanical or electrochemical pretreatment. The review concentrates on our own results in the context of the general development in the filed.

Utilização de eletrodos sólidos de amálgama para a determinação analítica de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos

“…Além disto, o eletrodo ideal necessita apresentar uma boa estabilidade mecânica, para possíveis aplicações em análises em fluxo, elevada resistência a processos de passivação da superfície e, principalmente, a superfície eletródica deve ser facilmente regenerada. 9 Na prática, é quase impossível que uma superfície eletródica apresente todas estas características simultaneamente. Assim, existem diferentes materiais disponíveis comercialmente e a escolha adequada depende da aplicabilidade de interesse.…”

Potentiometric Determination of Silver Nanoparticles using Silver Amalgam Electrodes

“…Recent reports suggested (Novotny 1998b(Novotny , 2006(Novotny , 2007(Novotny , 2014Novotny, Petrankova, and Kabutey 2014) the new possibilities in this direction, based on potentiometry with amalgam electrodes. For example, silver (solid) amalgam electrodes (often denoted AgSAE and in this paper more generally as AgAE) (e.g., Novotny 1997aNovotny , 1997bNovotny , 1998b2001a, 2007Novotný and Yosypchuk 2000;Yosypchuk and Novotny 2002) were employed for voltammetry for environmental and health applications (e.g., Novotný and Yosypchuk 2000;Jelen et al 2002;Yosypchuk and Novotny 2002;Fadrná et al 2004;Kuchariková et al 2004;Barek et al 2007;Yosypchuk and Barek 2009;Šelešovská et al 2012;Bandžuchová et al 2013;Brycht et al 2013;Vajdle et al 2014) like renewed stationary mercury electrodes (Novotny 2001b). However, no direct potentiometric measurements using these silver amalgam electrodes have been published to date.…”

Voltammetric Determination of Dinitronaphthalenes Using a Silver Solid Amalgam Paste Electrode

“…in proteomic studies, for which they may offer a wide cathodic potential window, easily renewable electrode surface and high sensitivity. 2,3 However, legislative restrictions of mercury use and ecological requirements for new electrochemical detectors have initiated the development of novel electrode materials, such as metal-mercury amalgams, 4 composite 5 and/or carbon based materials. Carbon-based electrodes, such as a glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond 6 and/or carbon-paste electrodes (CPE), 7,8 are mostly applied for anodic measurements, and nowadays mainly used for the preparation of various specific biosensors.…”