Nonstandard Use of the “Reflexive” Affix -sja in Russian Speech of Bilingual Speakers of Northern Siberia and the Russian Far East

Abstract

One of the features of the oral Russian speech of bilingual speakers of the indigenous languages of Russia is the omission / the overuse of the “reflexive” affix -sʲa (a “middle voice” marker with a wide range of uses including reflexive, reciprocal, anticausative, passive, and some others). We discuss the data on the nonstandard use of -sʲa in the Russian speech of bilingual speakers of two language groups that differ both from Russian and from each other in this grammatical domain: Samoyedic (Forest Enets, Nganasan, and Nenets) and Tungusic (Nanai and Ulch). The data come from the corpus of contact-influenced Russian speech, which is being created by our team. We show that the mismatches in standard and nonstandard usage cannot be explained by direct structural copying from the donor language (indigenous) to the recipient one (the local variety of Russian). Nor is there a consistent system which differs from standard Russian since there are many more usages that follow the rules of standard Russian. The influence of the indigenous languages explains some overuses and omissions; the others can be explained by other factors, e.g., difficulties in the acquisition of verb pairs with non-transparent semantic or syntactic relations.

Contact-induced features in the Russian speech of Nganasans

“…In Nganasan Russian there are 8 nonstandard uses of -s'a and 219 standard ones (which makes 0.04% of irregularity). A similar percentage is found in Tungusic Russian: there are 46 nonstandard uses of -s'a and 687 standard ones (which makes 0.07% of irregularity), see (Khomchenkova et al 2019). In Nganasan Russian -s'a was omitted 5 times and it was overused 3 times.…”

“…Even on these small numbers one can see that the number of omissions is bigger than the number of overuses, since the reflexive conjugation is rather restricted, not used with many verbs, and thus there is no reason for an overuse of -s'a. The same pattern is attested both in Samoyedic and Tungusic Russian: according to Khomchenkova et al (2019), in Samoyedic languages (Tundra and Forest Enets, Nenets and Nganasan) the number of omissions equals 17 and the number of overuses equals 7 correspondingly, while in Tungusic languages (Nanai and Ulch) the number of omissions equals 29, and the number of overuses equals 17.…”