Nonspecific Inhibition of the Motor System during Response Preparation

Greenhouse, Ian; Sias, Ana C.; Labruna, Ludovica; Ivry, Richard B.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1436-15.2015

Cited by 143 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In fact, the amount of ADM MEP suppression observed in a non-selected condition was similar to that observed in the (non-selected) FDI muscle. Hence, these results suggest that relevant and irrelevant muscles are suppressed to the same extent in a non-selected hand, which is consistent with early reports [16, 21] and with the view that this hand representation is targeted by a rather generic inhibitory influence [4, 5, 7]. In contrast, we observed a significant difference in the degree of MEP suppression for the ADM and FDI muscles in the selected condition, with MEPs being less suppressed in the ADM than in the FDI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of Motor Inhibition in Variants of the Instructed-Delay Choice Reaction Time Task

et al. 2016

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Using instructed-delay choice reaction time (RT) paradigms, many previous studies have shown that the motor system is transiently inhibited during response preparation: motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex are typically suppressed during the delay period. This effect has been observed in both selected and non-selected effectors, although MEP changes in selected effectors have been more inconsistent across task versions. Here, we compared changes in MEP amplitudes in three different variants of an instructed-delay choice RT task. All variants required participants to choose between left and right index finger movements but the responses were either provided “in the air” (Variant 1), on a regular keyboard (Variant 2), or on a response device designed to control from premature responses (Variant 3). The task variants also differed according to the visual layout (more concrete in Variant 3) and depending on whether participants received a feedback of their performance (absent in Variant 1). Behavior was globally comparable between the three variants of the task although the propensity to respond prematurely was highest in Variant 2 and lowest in Variant 3. MEPs elicited in a non-selected hand were similarly suppressed in the three variants of the task. However, significant differences emerged when considering MEPs elicited in the selected hand: these MEPs were suppressed in Variants 1 and 3 whereas they were often facilitated in Variant 2, especially in the right dominant hand. In conclusion, MEPs elicited in selected muscles seem to be more sensitive to small variations to the task design than those recorded in non-selected effectors, probably because they reflect a complex combination of inhibitory and facilitatory influences on the motor output system. Finally, the use of a standard keyboard seems to be particularly inappropriate because it encourages participants to respond promptly with no means to control for premature responses, probably increasing the relative amount of facilitatory influences at the time motor inhibition is probed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of Motor Inhibition in Variants of the Instructed-Delay Choice Reaction Time Task

et al. 2016

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“…We were not able to provide strong support for this model since no STOP cell increased its activity after the GO cue relative to baseline levels and no GO units increased their activity on STOP trials (p > .05; bootstrapping test). Conversely, results from this study are consistent with the idea according to which STN neurons could potentially represent a "widespread motor inhibitory process" that would modulate the gain in the motor system according to the context (Greenhouse, Sias, Labruna, & Ivry, 2015).…”

Section: Stn Neuronal Activity During Stoppingsupporting

confidence: 89%

Response inhibition rapidly increases single-neuron responses in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease

Bénis

David

Piallat

et al. 2016

Cortex

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ElectrophysiologyStop-signal task a b s t r a c tThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a critical role during action inhibition, perhaps by acting like a fast brake on the motor system when inappropriate responses have to be rapidly suppressed. However, the mechanisms involving the STN during motor inhibition are still unclear, particularly because of a relative lack of single-cell responses reported in this structure in humans. In this study, we used extracellular microelectrode recordings during deep brain stimulation surgery in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) to study STN neurophysiological correlates of inhibitory control during a stop signal task. We found two neuronal subpopulations responding either during motor execution (GO units) or during motor inhibition (STOP units). GO units fired selectively before patients' motor responses whereas STOP units fired selectively when patients successfully withheld their move at a latency preceding the duration of the inhibition process. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for the hypothesized role of the STN in current models of response inhibition.© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. IntroductionNeuroimaging studies have shown that response-stopping processes activate a frontal-subcortical network (Aron, 2006;Chikazoe et al., 2009;Li, Yan, Sinha, & Lee, 2008). The dynamics of this network has been conceptualized in several computational models of response inhibition (Frank, 2006;Ratcliff & Frank, 2012;Wiecki & Frank, 2013) Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirectJournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex c o r t e x 8 4 ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 1 1 e1 2 3http://dx

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“…Interestingly, the MEP data revealed that this behavioral gain was associated with a strengthened suppression of motor activity at the onset time of the imperative signal. That is, although MEPs were systematically suppressed at this time, as frequently reported in the past (Klein et al, 2012, 2016; Greenhouse et al, 2015b; Bestmann and Duque, 2016; Quoilin et al, 2016; Wilhelm et al, 2016), this effect was much stronger when conflict was expected than when it was not. Besides, we also found that, during actions selection, the motor representations were less affected by the presence of irrelevant distractors.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Rather, inhibitory influences seem to be released in a broad manner, affecting motor representations regardless of their function in the forthcoming response. Accordingly, several recent studies have reported widespread motor inhibition during action preparation, both during regular (Duque et al, 2014) and instructed-delay choice RT tasks (Greenhouse et al, 2015b; Quoilin and Derosiere, 2015; Wilhelm et al, 2016). Our current results provide support for the view that the strength of this motor inhibition is calibrated as a function of the task demand (Greenhouse et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Aging on Motor Inhibition during Action Preparation under Sensory Conflict

Duqué

Petitjean

Swinnen

2016

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Motor behaviors often require refraining from selecting options that may be part of the repertoire of natural response tendencies but that are in conflict with ongoing goals. The presence of sensory conflict has a behavioral cost but the latter can be attenuated in contexts where control processes are recruited because conflict is expected in advance, producing a behavioral gain compared to contexts where conflict occurs in a less predictable way. In the present study, we investigated the corticospinal correlates of these behavioral effects (both conflict-driven cost and context-related gain). To do so, we measured motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) of young and healthy older adults performing the Eriksen Flanker Task. Subjects performed button-presses according to a central arrow, flanked by irrelevant arrows pointing in the same (congruent trial) or opposite direction (incongruent trial). Conflict expectation was manipulated by changing the probability of congruent and incongruent trials in a given block. It was either high (mostly incongruent blocks, MIB, 80% incongruent trials) or low (mostly congruent blocks, MCB, 80% congruent). The MEP data indicate that the conflict-driven behavioral cost is associated with a strong increase in inappropriate motor activity regardless of the age of individuals, as revealed by larger MEPs in the non-responding muscle in incongruent than in congruent trials. However, this aberrant facilitation disappeared in both groups of subjects when conflict could be anticipated (i.e., in the MIBs) compared to when it occurred in a less predictably way (MCBs), probably allowing the behavioral gain observed in both the young and the older individuals. Hence, the ability to overcome and anticipate conflict was surprisingly preserved in the older adults. Nevertheless, some control processes are likely to evolve with age because the behavioral gain observed in the MIB context was associated with an attenuated suppression of MEPs at the time of the imperative signal (i.e., before conflict is actually detected) in older individuals, suggesting altered motor inhibition, compared to young individuals. In addition, the behavioral analysis suggests that young and older adults rely on different strategies to cope with conflict, including a change in speed-accuracy tradeoff.

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Nonspecific Inhibition of the Motor System during Response Preparation

Cited by 143 publications

References 42 publications

Comparison of Motor Inhibition in Variants of the Instructed-Delay Choice Reaction Time Task

Comparison of Motor Inhibition in Variants of the Instructed-Delay Choice Reaction Time Task

Response inhibition rapidly increases single-neuron responses in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease

Effect of Aging on Motor Inhibition during Action Preparation under Sensory Conflict

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