Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines

Green, David; Miller, Elizabeth

doi:10.1001/jama.2014.471

Cited by 90 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 13 publications

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“…In an accompanying editorial, 2 Drs David Goldblatt from the UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital (London,UK) and Elizabeth Miller of Public Health England (London, UK) discuss unexpected benefits of vaccination, such as the apparent effect of live vaccines (i.e., measles and BCG) on reducing mortality from infections other than measles or tuberculosis.…”

Section: Measles Vaccination: Targeted and Non-targeted Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Riedmann

2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Measles vaccination: Targeted and non-targeted benefitsCDC reports: 2-dose regimen of chickenpox vaccine is a successPositive preliminary results from the CAPiTA studySeasonal flu vaccine associate with reduced stroke riskHPV vaccine shown to halve cervical abnormalitiesGlobal prize for mobile mast vaccine storage projectDevelopmental pathway of potent HIV-neutralizing antibodiesBurkholderia vaccine: US Dep of Defense collaborates with Bavarian Nordic

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Section: Measles Vaccination: Targeted and Non-targeted Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Riedmann

2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Degeneracy: Demystifying and destigmatizing a core concept in systems biology

Mason

2014

Complexity

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Often relegated to the methods section of genetic research articles, the term “degeneracy” is regularly misunderstood and its theoretical significance widely understated. Degeneracy describes the ability of different structures to be conditionally interchangeable in their contribution to system functions. Frequently mislabeled redundancy, degeneracy refers to structural variation whereas redundancy refers to structural duplication. Sources of degeneracy include, but are not limited to, (1) duplicate structures that differentiate yet remain isofunctional, (2) unrelated isofunctional structures that are dispersed endogenously or exogenously, (3) variable arrangements of interacting structures that achieve the same output through multiple pathways, and (4) parcellation of a structure into subunits that can still variably perform the same initial function. The ability to perform the same function by drawing upon an array of dissimilar structures contributes advantageously to the integrity of a system. Drawing attention to the heterogeneous construction of living systems by highlighting the concept of degeneracy valuably enhances the ways scientists think about self‐organization, robustness, and complexity. Labels in science, however, can sometimes be misleading. In scientific nomenclature, the word “degeneracy” has calamitous proximity to the word “degeneration” used by pathologists and the shunned theory of degeneration once promoted by eugenicists. This article disentangles the concept of degeneracy from its close etymological siblings and offers a brief overview of the historical and contemporary understandings of degeneracy in science. Distinguishing the importance of degeneracy will hopefully allow systems theorists to more strategically operationally conceptualize the distributed intersecting networks that comprise complex living systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 12–21, 2015

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Innate immune memory: Implications for host responses to damage‐associated molecular patterns

2016

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Cells of the innate immune system build immunological memory via epigenetic reprogramming after stimulations with microbial ligands. This functional readjustment allows for enhanced nonspecific inflammatory responses upon secondary challenges, a process termed "trained immunity." The epigenomic blueprint of trained monocytes has been recently reported, which revealed several important immunologic and metabolic mechanisms that underlie these changes. Interestingly, similar long-term reprogramming of cytokine production has also been described to be induced by endogenous damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we present an overview of the novel data showing that endogenous alarm signals associated with tissue damage and sterile inflammation can induce trained immunity through epigenetic regulation of transcriptional programs. We describe new and old evidence of persistent effects of DAMPs in driving inflammation and enforce the concept that the influence of tissue-derived signals is critical in adjusting the magnitude and type of immune response built by the host. The better characterization of trained immunity for the persistence of inflammation induced by DAMPs would provide new possibilities for intervention in aging and autoinflammatory disorders. Keywords: Damage-associated molecular patterns Epigenetics Innate immune memory Trained immunity IntroductionThe common understanding of host innate immune responses is facing crucial changes. For decades, the consensus has been that the host immune response is based on the dichotomy of the innate and the adaptive responses, which are clearly distinct in terms of specificity and memory. Nevertheless, it is now established that innate immune cells, similarly to adaptive immune cells, do exhibit a degree of specificity through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on invading microbes [1]. In addition, by Correspondence: Dr. Leo A. B. Joosten e-mail: leo.joosten@radboudumc.nl putting together pieces of evidence from different species, a new hypothesis has been proposed, stating that the adaptive immune system may not be unique in providing immunological memory [2]. Recent evidence supports the concept that indeed, cells of the innate immune system can also build a memory of past stimulations and alter their response upon new challenges. This enhanced state of immune activation of innate immune cells is now known as "trained immunity" and its mechanisms and consequences for disease and therapy provide a fertile and exciting ground for new research [3].This characteristic of the innate immune system is obviously very relevant in the context of host response during infectious diseases. Moreover, mechanistic links between trained immunity and the nonspecific effects of vaccines have already been postulated [4] and represent a promising link for the translation of these C 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.eji-journal.eu 818Tania O. Crișan et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 817-828 ...

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Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines

Cited by 90 publications

References 13 publications

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Degeneracy: Demystifying and destigmatizing a core concept in systems biology

Innate immune memory: Implications for host responses to damage‐associated molecular patterns

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