Nonrestorative sleep is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population

Abstract

Background This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the effects of nonrestorative sleep on developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related diseases in a general Japanese middle-aged population. Methods Overall, 83,224 adults without MetS (mean age: 51.5 ± 3.5 years) from the Health Insurance Association in Japan were followed up for a maximum of 8 years between 2011 and 2019. The Cox proportional hazard method was used to determine whether nonrestorative sleep, assessed using a single-item question, was significantly associated with the respective development of MetS, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The MetS criteria were adopted by the Examination Committee for Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan. Results The mean follow-up duration was 6.0 years. The incidence rate of MetS was 50.1 person-years/1,000 during the study period. Data suggested that nonrestorative sleep was associated with MetS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.16) and other disorders, such as obesity (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12), hypertension (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.11), and diabetes (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12) but not with dyslipidemia (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97–1.03). Conclusions Nonrestorative sleep is associated with the development of MetS and many of its core components in the middle-aged Japanese population. Therefore, assessing nonrestorative sleep may help identify individuals at a risk of MetS development.

Nonrestorative Sleep and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence: The Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study

“…Namely, NRS was significantly associated with the presence of diabetes (OR 1.159, 95% CI: 1.022-1.314) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, systolic blood pressure, smoking status and use of antihypertensive drugs. 11 Another cohort study conducted in Japan reported that NRS was also linked to an increased risk of diabetes, 9 consistent with the present study. The present study was able to consider other factors such as insomnia symptoms and shift work, which could also be related to T2DM incidence.…”

“…Another longitudinal study conducted in Japanese population found that NRS was significantly associated with the risk of T2DM (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12) after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, skipping breakfast, and non-regular exercise. 9 Japan's prior research on NRS and T2DM has been limited, but our approach would be more comprehensive, accounting for a broader spectrum of covariates. We have also conducted stratified analyses and extended follow-up periods.…”

The effect of nonrestorative sleep on incident hypertension 1–2 years later among middle-aged Hispanics/Latinos

“…It is generally considered that the ability to maintain homeostasis in response to physical load is superior in younger adults than in middle-aged adults, and thus the association between NRS and the development of hypertension may be found only in middle-aged adults. Although the present results are consistent with those of another study involving middle-aged and older adults [ 19 ], an additional study involving only middle-aged adults showed discordant results [ 15 ]. The latter study included participants with persistent hypertension; that is, they did not exclude participants who had hypertension at baseline.…”

“…A few studies have investigated the association between NRS and hypertension, but the results are conflicting, possibly due to methodological differences [ 15 , 19 ]. As mentioned earlier, the degrees of the effects of risk factors for the incidence of hypertension differ depending on age.…”

Risk factors affecting the sleep quality of patients on dialysis: A single-center cross-sectional study

“…Previous research has demonstrated the prevalence of poor sleep quality in various forms of hypertension, including idiopathic intracranial hypertension, metabolic syndrome-associated hypertension, and aldosterone-induced hypertension. [15][16][17][18] However, the causality between hypertension and poor sleep quality remains unclear, and further interventional studies may be required to elucidate this relationship.…”