Nonresident social fathering in African American single‐mother families

Cross, Christina J.; Zhang, Xing

doi:10.1111/jomf.12839

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Insofar as those who do not report on contact and closeness might indicate low relationship quality and minimal contact, and given that those who drop out of the adult child study are more likely to have a poor relationship with parents as it was instigated through the maternal survey, our estimates of the prevalence of estrangement might be conservative. Additionally, our study is potentially limited by narrow definitions of fatherhood, as recent research draws attention to the close ties between Black adult children and social fathers (Cross & Zhang, 2022; McDougal & George, 2016). It is likely that rates of estrangement would differ depending on whether parents are biological, step, or social.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent–adult child estrangement in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality

Reczek

Stacey

Thomeer

2022

J of Marriage and Family

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Objective To provide nationally representative estimates of parent–adult child estrangement. Background Population‐level research on parent–adult child estrangement is needed to understand the full range of family dynamics in the U.S. Methods We estimate logistic regression models using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and accompanying Child and Young Adult supplement to determine estimates of estrangement (and subsequent unestrangement) from mothers (N = 8495) and fathers (N = 8119) by children's gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality. We then estimate hazards of first estrangement from mothers (N = 7919) and fathers (N = 6410), adjusting for adult child's and parents' social and economic characteristics. Results Six percent of respondents report a period of estrangement from mothers, with an average age of first maternal estrangement of 26 years old; 26% of respondents report estrangement from fathers, with an average age of first paternal estrangement of 23 years old. Results further show heterogeneity by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality; for example, daughters are less likely to be estranged from their mothers than are sons, Black adult children are less likely than White adult children to be estranged from their mothers but more likely to be estranged from fathers, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual adult children are more likely than heterosexuals to be estranged from fathers. The majority of estranged adult children become unestranged from mothers (81%) and fathers (69%) in subsequent waves. Conclusion This study provides compelling new evidence on an overlooked aspect of intergenerational relationships, concluding with insight into the structural forces that may unequally contribute to estrangement patterns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent–adult child estrangement in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality

Reczek

Stacey

Thomeer

2022

J of Marriage and Family

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“…As such, this also excludes large gifts from parents, such as inheritance. Studies in the U.S. context indicate that adult children typically receive financial assistance from parents to help them during specific periods of hardship, such as job loss, marital dissolution, or childbirth (Hao 1996; McGarry 2016), making this measure of financial help useful in understanding the extent to which parents are able to meet or respond to the changing income needs of their adult children (see also Cooney 2021; Cross and Zhang 2022; Johnson 2013), for other examples of this measure of financial help).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways of Intergenerational Support between Parents and Children throughout Adulthood

Lee,

Manzoni

2023

Sociological Perspectives

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This paper examines varying patterns of exchanges in financial and residential support between parents and children. We apply a life course perspective to explore how patterns of intergenerational support unfold throughout adulthood. Using Waves 3 to 5 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conduct a repeated measure latent class analysis and identify six pathways of intergenerational exchange. About one-third of individuals have minimal intergenerational exchange while the majority share some form of residential and financial assistance with their parents between their late teens and early forties. Upward and downward intergenerational exchanges are most common among Blacks, Hispanics, and families with less formal educational backgrounds, whereas pathways of complete independence are most common among White families. This paper challenges the notion of complete independence as a necessary marker of adulthood and maps out the diverse patterns of intergenerational exchange along multiple dimensions over the life course.

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“…On the other hand, the cultural norms hypothesis posits that it is individuals' cultural background, family values, and social norms within racial/ethnic communities that determine their preference for specific household structures (Bicket & Mitra, 2009). For instance, due to the frequent separation from family members during chattel slavery, African Americans often define kinship beyond marriage and blood ties and tend to engage in informal family care (Cross & Zhang, 2022;Dow, 2019). Hispanic culture features strong kinship bonds and frequent interactions among extended family members, which diminishes distress risks for people with strong kinship support (Russell & Taylor, 2009;Wilmoth, 2001).…”

Section: Extended Family Friends and Neighborhoodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/ethnic differences in living arrangements, distant relations, and later‐life mental health

Liu

2024

J of Marriage and Family

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ObjectiveThis research investigates associations between living arrangements and older adults' depressive symptoms and whether these associations are moderated by extended family, friends, and neighborhoods for White, Black, and Hispanic older adults.BackgroundThe drastic marriage and kinship decline since the 1970s has raised growing concerns about aging alone in both the public and scholarship. This paper adopts critical race theory to examine the social convoy model which argues that distant networks will fill in to protect individuals from stressors in the absence of proximal relations.MethodsThis paper applies multilevel mixed‐effects linear models to 2006–2018 waves of Health and Retirement Study (N = 44,304 obs., with 32,599 White, 7028 Black, and 4677 Hispanics).ResultsWhile married couples living alone have the best mental health among Whites, co‐residing with both spouses/partners and children (the intergenerational coresidence) is associated with the lowest depressive symptoms for Black and Hispanic older adults. Moreover, strong social support from extended family and friends and a high level of neighborhood social cohesion can significantly mitigate increased depressive symptoms associated with living alone or with others only (people other than spouses/partners and children) for Whites, but not for Blacks and Hispanics.ConclusionThis research challenges the paradigm that considers “married couples living alone” as a normalized family structure. It also emphasizes the “double plight” of Black and Hispanic older adults, who show both a disproportionate decline in family ties and a lack of supportive distant relations serving as buffer zones in the absence of spouses and children.

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Nonresident social fathering in African American single‐mother families

Abstract: This study examined the prevalence of nonresident social fathering among African American youth from single-mother families and their reports of subjective closeness, frequency of contact, and financial support from social fathers during young adulthood.

Cited by 7 publications

References 55 publications

Parent–adult child estrangement in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality

Parent–adult child estrangement in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexuality

Pathways of Intergenerational Support between Parents and Children throughout Adulthood

Racial/ethnic differences in living arrangements, distant relations, and later‐life mental health

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