Nonreductive homolytic scission of endoperoxide bond for activation of artemisinin: A parallel mechanism to Heterolytic cleavage

Abstract

Artemisinin is the most successful antimalarial drug against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Despite its tremendous success and popularity in malaria therapeutics, the molecular mechanism of artemisinin's activity is still elusive. The activation of artemisinin, i.e., cleavage of the endoperoxide bond at the infected cell that generates radical intermediates and the subsequent chemical rearrangements, plays a key role in the antimalarial activities. In this work, adopting state‐of‐the‐art computational techniques based on the spin‐constrained density functional theory (CDFT) along with ab initio thermodynamics, we have investigated the activation of artemisinin by two different pathways, homolytic and heterolytic cleavage. The homolytic scission of the endoperoxide bond is further followed by subsequent chemical reactions that propagate via biradical intermediates. Here we report that the free energy of activation of artemisinin associated with the homolytic cleavage is less (21.77 kcal/mol) than the heterolytic cleavage (23.64 kcal/mol). The nonreductive homolytic cleavage of the endoperoxide bond is thermodynamically slightly favorable. Thus, the latter could occur in parallel with the heterolytic activation of the artemisinin.

Artemisinin: a novel chiral electrochemiluminescence luminophore-assisted enantiospecific recognition and mechanism identification

“…2C), indicating that the reduction of ART on the glassy carbon electrode was an irreversible electrode reaction controlled by adsorption. 29 The current was diffusion-controlled, according to the following formula:…”

“…2C ), indicating that the reduction of ART on the glassy carbon electrode was an irreversible electrode reaction controlled by adsorption. 29 The current was diffusion-controlled, according to the following formula: where i , i p , and α stand for the current at any potential, the peak current, and the electron transfer coefficient, respectively. Assuming α = 0.25, n = 2.05 ≈ 2 was calculated according to Fig.…”

Effect of Co-administration of Vitamin A and Artesunate in Malaria-Infected Albino Mice

“…However, they are ineffective in treating malaria caused by P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malaria. The cleavage of the endoperoxide bond at the infected cell, which generates radical intermediates and leads to subsequent chemical rearrangements, is a crucial factor in the antimalarial activities of Artemisinin, as noted by Shikha et al, in their recent study [7].…”