Nonpoint sources

Spooner, Jean; Huffman, Rodney L.; Line, Daniel E.; Gale, Judith A.; Jennings, Gregory D.; Coffey, Steven W.; Arnold, Jon A.; Wyatt, Lane; Osmond, Deanna L.; Haseeb, Sarfeeullah K.

doi:10.1002/j.1554-7531.1992.tb00034.x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 190 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Sedimentation in streams is an example of a nonpoint source pollution problem (Spooner et al, 1991). Excessive sediment is a major cause of impairment in waterbodies across the country (USEPA, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Empirical, Geographically Specific Water Quality Criteria: A Conditional Probability Analysis Approach

Paul

McDonald

2005

J Am Water Resources Assoc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The need for scientifically defensible water quality standards for nonpoint source pollution control continues to be a pressing environmental issue. The probability of impact at differing levels of nonpoint source pollution was determined using the biological response of instream organisms empirically obtained from a statistical survey. A conditional probability analysis was used to calculate a biological threshold of impact as a function of the likelihood of exceeding a given value of pollution metric for a specified geographic area. Uncertainty and natural variability were inherently incorporated into the analysis through the use of data from a probabilistic survey. Data from wadable streams in the mid‐Atlantic area of the U.S. were used to demonstrate the approach. Benthic macroinvertebrate community index values (EPT taxa richness) were used to identify impacted stream communities. Percent fines in substrate (silt/clay fraction, > 0.06 mm) were used as a surrogate indicator for sedimentation. Thresholds of impact due to sedimentation were identified by three different techniques, and were in the range of 12 to 15 percent fines. These values were consistent with existing literature from laboratory and field studies on the impact of sediments on aquatic life in freshwater streams. All results were different from values determined from current regulatory guidance. Finally, it was illustrated how these thresholds could be used to develop criterion for protection of aquatic life in streams.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Empirical, Geographically Specific Water Quality Criteria: A Conditional Probability Analysis Approach

Paul

McDonald

2005

J Am Water Resources Assoc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Next, management response to external activities impacting park resources is explained, and the relationship between external threats and nonpoint sources is more formally established. Finally, experience at the Cape Cod National Nonpoint Sources Nonpoint sources are diffuse land use activities that degrade ground and surface water (Spooner et al 1992). To define appropriate nonpoint source controls and management systems the input, fate, and effects of contaminants responsible for degrading coastal water quality must be known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To define appropriate nonpoint source controls and management systems the input, fate, and effects of contaminants responsible for degrading coastal water quality must be known. Annual reviews of the literature concerning nonpoint sources of pollution (Spooner et al 1992) show wide understanding of general processes with significant opportunities for additional refinements. A given contaminant may have a variety of inputs (some point and some nonpoint), and the levels of those inputs will vary from watershed to watershed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonpoint sources as external threats to coastal water quality: Lessons from park service experience

Burroughs

1993

Coastal Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Program design for nonpoint source control is considered through an analogous problem, external threats to national parks. Nonpoint sources are diffuse land activities that degrade water quality, and recent federal legislation seeks to limit them in coastal areas. External threats occur outside a park boundary but affect the purposes for or resources within the park. They have been subject to federal management for many decades. Nonpoint sources are a class of external threat. Therefore, programs to limit them should consider techniques used in park protection. These park techniques include "hard approaches," which rely on power, usually through legal devices, and "soft approaches," which utilize shared values and objectives. Among the techniques presented, a linked approach, as exemplified at the Cape Cod National Seashore, appears most promising. In a linked approach, if a soft approach fails, the manager of the protected unit is empowered to take an alternative hard action to protect the resource.

show abstract

Statistical Methods for Source Apportionment of Riverine Loads of Pollutants

Grimvall

Stålnacke

1996

Environmetrics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article shows how information about the riverine load of pollutants at different sites in a study area can be combined with data on the spatial distribution of sources and selected river basin characteristics to carry out a statistical source apportionment of the load observed at the mouth of a river or the outlet of an arbitrary sub-basin. The suggested approach is based on the following: (i) a partitioning of the study area into disjoint subbasins partially ordered by their upstream-downstream relations; (ii) matrix formulas for the transport and retention of an arbitrary substance in such a system of sub-basins; (iii) matrix formulas for the source apportionment of the output from an arbitrary sub-basin; (iv) general principles for the parameterization of losses of substances from soil and retention of substances in lakes and watercourses. As compared to conventional source inventories, our approach offers several advantages: data from sub-basins with arbitrary upstream-downstream relationships can be combined in the same study; retention and sourcestrength parameters can be estimated simultaneously; matrix forms of all models and source apportionment formulas enable parameter estimation by the use of standard methods and software for non-linear regression analysis. Some of the formulas derived are based on the theory of Markov chains. To illustrate the different steps of the procedure, the time-averaged output of nitrogen from a Swedish river basin during a five year period was apportioned to various diffuse and point sources.

show abstract

Nonpoint sources

Cited by 7 publications

References 190 publications

Development of Empirical, Geographically Specific Water Quality Criteria: A Conditional Probability Analysis Approach

Development of Empirical, Geographically Specific Water Quality Criteria: A Conditional Probability Analysis Approach

Nonpoint sources as external threats to coastal water quality: Lessons from park service experience

Statistical Methods for Source Apportionment of Riverine Loads of Pollutants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About