Nonparametric Statistical Inference

Gibbons, Jean Dickinson; Chakraborti, S.

doi:10.1201/9781315110479

Cited by 170 publications

(173 citation statements)

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“…To determine whether newspaper conventionality, size and ownership affect content, statistical randomization tests were executed for the various groupings of newspaper stories. Appropriate in cases with small population sizes, the use of this non-parametric test avoids the errors arising from assumptions of a normal distribution for a population size of eight (Siegal, 1956;Gibbons, 1971). Randomization tests calculate the possibility of a particular population grouping occurring due to chance, and Siegel (1956:152-156) provides a full description of how this test is executed.…”

Section: Results -Hypotheses Concerning Newspaper Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What’s News Got to Do with It?: Examining the Contribution of Toronto’s Press in Maintaining an Environmentally-Detrimental Social Paradigm, 2003-2006

Botticella¹

2021

Preprint

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This content analysis examines print media coverage of Toronto's waterfront development to determine whether story frames perpetuate the dominant social paradigm. Articles from 8 newspapers are analysed in two content dimensions, the sub-issues which surround waterfront development and the ways of understanding the environment presented as relevant to Toronto's waterfront development. Findings show presence of conflict, use of a non-routine information channel and broad source mix do not result in more diverse content. Likewise, characteristics such as a news organization's conventionality (i.e., alternative or mainstream), size and ownership (i.e., independent or group-owned) exert limited influence over story content. Organized around the competitive city concept described by Kipfer and Keil's (2002), this research examines whether media coverage aligns with the capitalist urbanization process, concluding story frames in news discourse de-emphasize the environment as an issue and rely on the least-progressive environment paradigms when reporting on Toronto's waterfront development.

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Section: Results -Hypotheses Concerning Newspaper Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What’s News Got to Do with It?: Examining the Contribution of Toronto’s Press in Maintaining an Environmentally-Detrimental Social Paradigm, 2003-2006

Botticella¹

2021

Preprint

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“…for the population value of the Spearman correlation. Defining the population value of the Spearman coefficient is controversial [11]; we followed Newton and Rudel [12] and defined the true value, ρ s , to be the mean of the r s values calculated from the Monte Carlo samples prior to applying the censoring schemes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confidence Interval Estimation of the Correlation in the Presence of Non-Detects

Looney¹

2021

OJS

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This article deals with correlating two variables that have values that fall below the known limit of detection (LOD) of the measuring device; these values are known as non-detects (NDs). We use simulation to compare several methods for estimating the association between two such variables. The most commonly used method, simple substitution, consists of replacing each ND with some representative value such as LOD/2. Spearman's correlation, in which all NDs are assumed to be tied at some value just smaller than the LOD, is also used. We evaluate each method under several scenarios, including small to moderate sample size, moderate to large censoring proportions, extreme imbalance in censoring proportions, and non-bivariate normal (BVN) data. In this article, we focus on the coverage probability of 95% confidence intervals obtained using each method. Confidence intervals using a maximum likelihood approach based on the assumption of BVN data have acceptable performance under most scenarios, even with non-BVN data. Intervals based on Spearman's coefficient also perform well under many conditions. The methods are illustrated using real data taken from the biomarker literature.

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“…Error bars indicate the median and 95% CrI, respectively. The asterisk indicates the rejection of equal medians for the third wave versus the fourth wave at the 5% significance level using the two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test 18 . The counterfactual scenario assuming a 5% increase in the proportion of population avoiding social gathering per day (blue curve and shaded region) suggests that mitigating pandemic fatigue can substantially reduce the number of new cases after the peak of the fourth wave at around the end of November 2020, which would avert 34% (95% CrI: -23%, 84%) of confirmed cases compared to that of standard model.…”

Section: Competing Interestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The real-time metric of behaviour changes can be refined by the Google mobility index, which provides a measurement of epidemiological transmission rate and links to the transmission rate to track the local cases reported. The observed pandemic fatigue reveals that compliance with public health advice declines when dire circumstances drag on, especially when new virus variants are reported worldwide, associated with increased transmissibility [15][16][17] , and might be spreading without detection in countries with limited virus sequencing capacity 18 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Pandemic fatigue impedes mitigation of COVID-19 in Hong Kong

Wang

Shan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Community-wide social distancing has been a cornerstone of pandemic control prior to mass vaccinations. The extent to which pandemic fatigue is undermining adherence to such measures and accelerating transmission remains unclear. Using large-scale weekly telephone surveys and mobility data, we characterize the evolution of risk perception and protective behaviours in Hong Kong. We estimate a 1.5% to 5.5% reduction in population compliance with protective policies for the fourth wave (October 2020 to January 2021) versus the third wave (July to August 2020), inducing prolonged disease circulation with increased infections. Mathematical models incorporating population protective behaviours estimates that the fourth wave would have been 14% smaller if not for pandemic fatigue. Mitigating pandemic fatigue is essential in maintaining population protective behaviours for controlling COVID-19.

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Nonparametric Statistical Inference

Cited by 170 publications

References 0 publications

What’s News Got to Do with It?: Examining the Contribution of Toronto’s Press in Maintaining an Environmentally-Detrimental Social Paradigm, 2003-2006

What’s News Got to Do with It?: Examining the Contribution of Toronto’s Press in Maintaining an Environmentally-Detrimental Social Paradigm, 2003-2006

Confidence Interval Estimation of the Correlation in the Presence of Non-Detects

Pandemic fatigue impedes mitigation of COVID-19 in Hong Kong

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