Nonparametric Measures of Sensory Efficiency for Sustained Monitoring Tasks

Craig, Angus

doi:10.1177/001872087902100109

Cited by 91 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A' is a measure of sensitivity similar to d '. It is, however, a distribution-free measure which is desirable (Craig, 1979;Norman, 1964) when the false-alarm rate is low, as it is in these data for some of the subjects. For the A' score, 1.0 represents perfect detection and .50 represents random guessing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of perceptual training of sequenced line movements

Eberts¹,

Schneider

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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The effects of consistent training on sequential stimuli were examined in a series of six experiments. A stimulus consisted of three line segments which occurred one after another such that each line segment's orientation and position on the visual channel could be different from the other lines of the stimulus. Subjects practiced these sequences in search and detection tasks for 17 h in both varied mapping (VM) and consistent mapping (CM) conditions. Subsequent experiments compared performance on the two practice conditions with results of previous experiments which used letters and digits as stimuli. The results indicated that the CM stimuli required less attention than the VM stimuli. The differences seen, however, were smaller than those found in previous experiments with letter and digit stimuli. Large differences between the CM and VM groups were found when the individual line segments of the sequential stimuli were manipulated. Shortening and lengthening the line durations had little effect on CM stimuli and large effects on VM stimuli. When the line segments were overlapped with each other, subjects indicated, in a subjective ratings task, that the CM and VM stimuli were perceived differently. Finally, presenting rotated versions of the trained stimuli destroyed any performance advantages the CM stimuli had over the VM stimuli.In the LaBerge (1973) theory of information processing, memory is conceptualized as a network of nodes. When sensory stimulation occurs, the information is analyzed by feature detectors. Output from selected groups of detectors then feed into a higher level pattern code. LaBerge (1976) found that, with extended practice, the processing of novel characters became less sensitive to attentional manipulations. Shiffrin and Schneider (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; examined attentionalload in detection and divided attention tasks. The theoretical perspective taken by Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) was similar to that of the LaBerge theory. Briefly, they conceptualized memory as a large collection of nodes that could be interrelated and associated to each other through learning and practice (see Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977, pp. 155-164). When a stimulus is perceived, one of two processes, or a combination of the two processes, is utilized. One of the processes, an automatic process, utilizes a relatively permanent set of associations in long-term storage that is built up through hours of practice. This automatic process occurs when the sequence of nodes becomes active in response to a particular input configuration. On the other hand, a conThis project was supported in part by funds from Office of Naval Research Contract NOOOI4-86-K-0107, w. Schneider, Principal Investigator. Correspondence should be directed to R. Eberts, School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of perceptual training of sequenced line movements

Eberts¹,

Schneider

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…1 A; F(1,22) ϭ 4.600; P ϭ 0.043] and ''yes'' responses [subjects either are certain or feel that the word was probably on the list; F(1,22) ϭ 4.809; P ϭ 0.039]). When the groups were compared with P(A) as a discrimination index (11,12), ANOVA revealed that subjects with ASD discriminated true items from false index items significantly better for ''yes'' responses [ Fig. 1B; F(1,22) Despite the fact that the subjects with ASD performed better than controls at discriminating true items from index items, control subjects did not recognize significantly more false index items than subjects with ASD for ''definitely'' responses (ASD, 7.5 Ϯ 8.9; controls, 11.5 Ϯ 6.5; t (22) Table 2.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased discrimination of “false memories” in autism spectrum disorder

Beversdorf

Smith

Crucian

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have impaired ability to use context, which may manifest as alterations of relatedness within the semantic network. However, impairment in context use may be more difficult to detect in high-functioning adults with ASD. To test context use in this population, we examined the influence of context on memory by using the ''false memory'' test. In the false memory task, lists of words were presented to high-functioning subjects with ASD and matched controls. Each list consists of words highly related to an index word not on the list. Subjects are then given a recognition test. Positive responses to the index words represent false memories. We found that individuals with ASD are able to discriminate false memory items from true items significantly better than are control subjects. Memory in patients with ASD may be more accurate than in normal individuals under certain conditions. These results also suggest that semantic representations comprise a less distributed network in high-functioning adults with ASD. Furthermore, these results may be related to the unusually high memory capacities found in some individuals with ASD. Research directed at defining the range of tasks performed superiorly by high-functioning individuals with ASD will be important for optimal vocational rehabilitation.A utism is associated with disordered social interaction and communication (1). These behaviors have been attributed to ''weak central coherence'' or impaired ability to use context (2, 3), which may manifest as dysfunction of the neural networks that interrelate the meanings of words (semantics). When words are placed into syntactic or semantic context, normal individuals will remember more words than when words are not placed into context (4). Autistic children demonstrate less of an increase in recall than nonautistic controls when words are placed into syntactic or semantic context (5-7). However, this difference is less detectable among high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; ref. 3). We wished to assess this highfunctioning population with a more sensitive test for alterations in context use.The ''false memory'' test depends on semantic and associative context to induce illusory recognition of certain index words. Specifically, a list of words that are closely related in meaning to (semantically related) or frequently co-occur with (associatively related) an index word can induce illusory recognition of that word. Our hypothesis was that comparison of illusory and true recognition from this test might prove sensitive to variations in use of semantic and associative context. Therefore, subjects with ASD would be expected to discriminate true items from ''false'' items better than matched control subjects on this test. MethodsSubjects. Eight high-functioning adults with ASD and 16 nonautistic adults, matched for age, gender, performance scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Intelligence Quotient (WAIS-R IQ), verbal scale WAIS-R IQ, full-scale WAIS-R IQ,...

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“…RT and A' were measured for target detections at each spatial location in all possible combinations of attended and unattended conditions. A' is an estimate of P(A) used when only a single pair of hit and false alarm (FA) rates are obtained for each cue-target condition (Craig, 1979;Pollack & Norman, 1964). A' was preferred to d' because, unlike d', it is a nonparametric measure of perceptual sensitivity and thus avoids the possible distortions that might occur in d' calculations if assumptions regarding the normal distributions of signal and noise were violated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of visual attention: Perceptual sensitivity and response latency

Handy

Kingstone

Mangun

1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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Studies of the spatial distribution of visual attention have shown that attentional facilitation monotonically decreases in a graded fashion with increasing distance from an attended location. However, reaction time (RT) measures have typically shown broader gradients than have signal detection (SD) measures of perceptual sensitivity. It is not clear whether these differences have arisen because the stages of information processing indexed by RT measures are different from those indexed by SD measures, or whether these differences are due to methodological confounds in the SD studies. In the present set of experiments, the spatial distribution of attention was studied by using a luminance detection task in an endogenous cuing paradigm that was designed to permit accurate calculations of SD and RT measures for targets at cued and uncued locations. Subjects made target-present/absent decisions at one of six possible cued or uncued upper visual hemifield locations on each trial. The results from three experiments suggest that the differences between broad and focal attentionaldistributions are not the result of different stages of information processing indexed by RT measures as opposed to SD measures. Rather, the differing distributions appear to reflect variations in attentional allocation strategies induced by the perceptual requirements typical of RT paradigms as opposed to SD paradigms. These findings support numerous prior studies showing that spatial attention affects perceptual sensitivity and that the strategic allocation of attention is a highly flexible process.It has been well established that precuing covert spatial attention to a specific location in the visual field facilitates response performance for stimuli appearing at the cued location. Many studies have shown, for example, that reaction time (RT) is faster for events occurring at an attended spatial region than for events occurring at an unattended spatial region (e.g., Posner, 1978Posner, , 1980Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980;Shulman, Sheehy, & Wilson, 1986;Shulman, Wilson, & Sheehy, 1985; see Klein, Kingstone, & Pontefract, 1992, for a recent review). Spatial attention has also been shown to improve detection and discrimination accuracy for events at attended as The authors are grateful to Rob Egly, Ray Klein, Amishi Jha, and Mado Proverbio for helpful discussions on portions of this work, and to Mike Gazzaniga and Steve Hillyard for advice and support. We also thank Steve Luck, Jon Hansen, and ClifKussmaul for their assistance, and to Art Kramer, Hermann Miiller, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an early version of this manuscript. The data from Experiment I were originally presented at the inaugural meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, March, 1994. opposed to unattended locations (e.g., Bashinski & Bacharach, 1980;Downing, 1988;Hawkins et al., 1990;Heinze & Mangun, 1995;Luck et al., 1994;Mangun & Hillyard, 1988;Muller & Humphreys, 1991).How attention is distributed across the visual field when d...

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Nonparametric Measures of Sensory Efficiency for Sustained Monitoring Tasks

Cited by 91 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of perceptual training of sequenced line movements

Effects of perceptual training of sequenced line movements

Increased discrimination of “false memories” in autism spectrum disorder

Spatial distribution of visual attention: Perceptual sensitivity and response latency

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