Nono‐titanium dioxide exposure during the adolescent period induces neurotoxicities in rats: Ameliorative potential of bergamot essential oil

Abstract

Introduction In adolescence, the brain is still maturing, and disorders in maturation may affect the normal development of the brain. Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) has various potential negative effects on the central nervous system. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) has been found to be effective for neuroprotection. Methods The rats were injected intraperitoneally with TiO2 NPs (20 mg/kg) and/or BEO (200 mg/kg). The endogenous antioxidant state and inflammatory parameters were estimated using ELISA kits, and then the memory ability and anxiety‐like behavior in rats were assessed. Results TiO2 NPs exposure during the adolescent period induced anxiety‐like behavior, cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and oxidative damage in hippocampus, and BEO treatment could significantly ameliorate the neurotoxicities induced by TiO2 NPs exposure. Conclusion Our results suggest that the negative effects of TiO2 NPs exposure during the adolescent period on anxiety‐like behavior and cognitive function may be related to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by TiO2 NPs exposure. In addition, BEO may ameliorate the neurotoxicities induced by TiO2 NPs exposure in adolescent rats through the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity of BEO.

Neurotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review

“… 67 , 68 In a study by Cui et al exposure to TiO 2 NPs (5 nm, 20 mg/kg) during adolescence via intravenous injection induced anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative damage in the hippocampus. 63 Similar results were observed in another study using adult Wistar rats, where subacute exposure to 20 mg/kg TiO 2 NPs increased the anxious index. 61 Furthermore, motor functional damage and spatial cognitive impairments were observed in adult Wistar rats exposed to TiO 2 NPs.…”

“… 78 Oxidative stress can induce neuroinflammation, thus further aggravating cell damage. 63 , 73 , 92 Cell damage, including structural and functional damage, is associated with increased onset and development of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and PD. 87 , 100 Cell damage is also linked to behavioral deficits.…”

Bridging the Gap: Harnessing Plant Bioactive Molecules to Target Gut Microbiome Dysfunctions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

“…In other models of neurotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles or aluminum, limonene, a major BPM in the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) EO, was studied. Limonene was able to alleviate oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and frontal cortex regions, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage [105,106]. Carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, linalool, linalyl acetate, and asarone are all BPMs present in EOs that have been demonstrated to reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in neuroinflammation and have the potential for action in neurodegeneration [107][108][109][110].…”

Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases

“…In rat models of neurotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles or aluminum, bergamot EO co-treatment has been able to ameliorate oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and frontal cortex regions [85,86]. Interestingly, EO induced an increase in antioxidant enzyme levels and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), lipid peroxidation and DNA damage [85,86].…”

“…The monoterpene limonene is one of the major components of bergamot EO and was found to represent up to 60% of the total amount [85,86]. In a recent paper, Eddin et al [87] investigated the benefits of limonene consumption in rotenone-induced PD rats.…”