Nonmedical Uses of the Tetracyclines

Gustafson, R. H.; Kiser, J. S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70304-1_8

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The initial observations in chickens were confirmed and soon extended to swine and cattle, leading to the development of both chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline as animal growth promoters (91). In the United States these antibiotics were approved by Food and Drug Administration as feed additives in 1951 (chlortetracycline) and 1953 (oxytetracycline) (109).…”

Section: Animal Growth Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, e.g., for therapeutic treatment of large numbers of poultry reared on commercial farms, the antibiotics are added directly to feed or water or can be administered in aerosols. The use of tetracyclines in the rearing of farm animals has been reviewed in recent years (44,91) and readers are referred to these earlier papers for details. Tetracyclines are also used for treatment of infections in domestic pets (135,146).…”

Section: Veterinary Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This report, suggesting that subtherapeutic application of tetracyclines and other antibiotics to farm animals might contribute to the development of resistant human isolates, led to a ban of the use of tetracyclines for growth promotion in Europe in the early 1970s (EC directive 70/524; see http://europa.eu.int/comm /dg24/health/sc/index_en.html). Although issues surrounding the use of growth-promoting antibiotics have been widely discussed in other countries, particularly the United States (50,83,91,136,146), and Australia (113a), no such ban has been imposed on the use of tetracyclines for growth promotion in these and many other countries.…”

Section: Animal Growth Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance

Chopra

Roberts

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

3,430

2,643

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Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. They are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. The first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, Shigella dysenteriae, was isolated in 1953. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. The presence of tetracycline-resistant pathogens limits the use of these agents in treatment of disease. Tetracycline resistance is often due to the acquisition of new genes, which code for energy-dependent efflux of tetracyclines or for a protein that protects bacterial ribosomes from the action of tetracyclines. Many of these genes are associated with mobile plasmids or transposons and can be distinguished from each other using molecular methods including DNA-DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and DNA sequencing. A limited number of bacteria acquire resistance by mutations, which alter the permeability of the outer membrane porins and/or lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, change the regulation of innate efflux systems, or alter the 16S rRNA. New tetracycline derivatives are being examined, although their role in treatment is not clear. Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if we are to continue to use this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century

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Section: Animal Growth Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Veterinary Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Growth Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance

Chopra

Roberts

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

3,430

2,643

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“…The growth-promoting properties of oxytetracyclines were first reported by Stockstad et al (53), when young chicks fed with chlortetracycline showed improvement in growth rate. Following this report, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline were extensively used as animal growth promoters in swine and cattle (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial-Resistant Enteric Bacteria from Dairy Cattle

Sawant¹,

Hegde²,

Straley³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

154

116

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A study was conducted to understand the descriptive and molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria in the feces of healthy lactating dairy cattle. Gram-negative enteric bacteria resistant to ampicillin, florfenicol, spectinomycin, and tetracycline were isolated from the feces of 35, 8, 5, and 42% of 213 lactating cattle on 74, 39, 9, 26, and 82% of 23 farms surveyed, respectively. Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative bacteria accounted for 5 (florfenicol) to 14% (tetracycline) of total gram-negative enteric microflora. Nine bacterial species were isolated, of which Escherichia coli (87%) was the most predominant species. MICs showing reduced susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were observed in E. coli isolates. Isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (48%), ceftiofur (11%), chloramphenicol (20%), florfenicol (78%), spectinomycin (18%), and tetracycline (93%). Multidrug resistance (>3 to 6 antimicrobials) was seen in 40% of E. coli isolates from healthy lactating cattle. Of 113 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates, tet(B) was the predominant resistance determinant and was detected in 93% of isolates, while the remaining 7% isolates carried the tet(A) determinant. DNA-DNA hybridization assays revealed that tet determinants were located on the chromosome. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates (n ‫؍‬ 99 isolates) belonged to 60 subtypes, which is suggestive of a highly diverse population of tetracycline-resistant organisms. On most occasions, E. coli subtypes, although shared between cows within the herd, were confined mostly to a dairy herd. The findings of this study suggest that commensal enteric E. coli from healthy lactating cattle can be an important reservoir for tetracycline and perhaps other antimicrobial resistance determinants.

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“…The tetracyclines have been extensively used for the treatment of infections in humans and animals and as growth promoters in animal feeds (8,10,17). The widespread use of these antibiotics has led to the development of methods to quantify them in pharmaceutical preparations, biological materials, and animal feed premixes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive biological detection method for tetracyclines using a tetA-lacZ fusion system

Chopra

Hacker

Misulovin

et al. 1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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A sensitive microbiological detection system for tetracyclines, utilizing an Escherichia coli strain containing a cloned tetA-lacZ gene fusion, is described. Expression of beta-galactosidase by the fusion plasmid pUB3610 remained subject to regulatory control by the TetR repressor protein, with the presence of tetracyclines in the growth medium leading to a 12-fold induction of beta-galactosidase synthesis. Because synthesis of beta-galactosidase was influenced to a small extent by the carbon source and the addition of cyclic AMP to the medium, cells were grown in the presence of cyclic AMP to enhance the sensitivity of the assay. All commonly marketed tetracyclines and some derivatives at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml could be detected in the growth medium. A plate assay utilizing the fusion plasmid that detects 1 ng of tetracycline has also been developed.

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Nonmedical Uses of the Tetracyclines

Cited by 7 publications

References 78 publications

Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance

Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance

Antimicrobial-Resistant Enteric Bacteria from Dairy Cattle

Sensitive biological detection method for tetracyclines using a tetA-lacZ fusion system

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