Nonlinearity in the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanized Rubber Compounds

Fletcher, W. P.; Gent, A. N.

doi:10.5254/1.3543472

Cited by 89 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…Figure 1 shows the typical result due to the Mullins effect, as shown in other examples [18], such as carbon black-filled rubber [19] [20]. The stress-strain response is non-linear as a result of the filler, as shown in other cases [21].…”

Section: Mullins Effectmentioning

confidence: 91%

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 2): Other and Intrinsic Effects on MCF Rubber Property

Shimada¹,

Saga²

2016

WJM

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The same ordinary electrolytic polymerization of plastic-type polymer solution is applicable to natural rubber, with its C=C bonds, if a magnetic field and a filler are added. With the application of a magnetic field and the magnetic responsive fluid known as magnetic compound fluid (MCF), we have clarified the enhancement of the electrolytic polymerization of NR-latex and the growth of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber that results from the addition of a magnetic field. The present new method of MCF rubber vulcanization is effective for use in haptic sensors, which are used widely in various engineering applications. In the previous report, part 1 of this study, we investigated many experimental conditions under mechanical approach for sensing: magnetic field strength; applied voltage; electrodes gap; mass concentration, and the ingredients of the MCF. In the present sequential report, part 2, we investigate many other effects on electrolytic polymerization by the same mechanical approach for sensing as in part 1: the Mullins effect; the Piezo effect; vibration; kind of electrode; atmospheric gas. In particular, we clarify that the voltage generates spontaneously in the MCF rubber and that the MCF rubber becomes a Piezo element. These effects on the electrolytic polymerization as well as the effects of the experimental conditions will be useful in engineering applications. By taking the abovementioned parameters and effects into account, MCF rubber that is electrolytically polymerized with the aid of a magnetic field, the use of MCF as a filler, and doping, can be useful in haptic sensor applications. In particular, the effectiveness of the Piezo element can be shown.

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Section: Mullins Effectmentioning

confidence: 91%

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 2): Other and Intrinsic Effects on MCF Rubber Property

Shimada¹,

Saga²

2016

WJM

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“…From the 1960's to 1970's, early publications [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] investigated nonlinear phenomena for various viscoelastic materials under oscillatory shear and proposed the methods of Fourier transform analysis and stress waveform analysis. Technical problems severely hindered further progress at that time, specifically hardware and software limitations such as torque transducer resolution and computational power.…”

Section: Historical Survey Of Laosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Payne [9] observed strain-amplitude dependence of the dynamic moduli for a natural rubber filled with carbon black particles; the nonlinear behavior he reported is often referred to generically as the "dynamic stress softening." This effect is called the "Payne effect" or the "Fletcher-Gent" effect [10]. Harris [11] reported the nonlinear stress behavior of suspensions of undeformable particles (a clay-water system) at low and high frequency.…”

Section: Historical Survey Of Laosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total nonlinear viscoelastic stress can be expanded as a linear viscoelastic stress characterized by a stress amplitude and phase shift plus the odd higher harmonic contributions (higher stress amplitude and phase shift). Consequently, the stress can be represented as: (10) which nicely separates the strain dependence from the frequency dependence, therefore being distinct from Eq. (9).…”

Section: Basic Mathematical Descriptions Of Laosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)

Hyun

Wilhelm

Klein

et al. 2011

Progress in Polymer Science

1,241

699

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Dynamic oscillatory shear tests are common in rheology and have been used to investigate a wide range of soft matter and complex fluids including polymer melts and solutions, block copolymers, biological macromolecules, polyelectrolytes, surfactants, suspensions, emulsions and beyond. More specifically, Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (SAOS) tests have become the canonical method for probing the linear viscoelastic properties of these complex fluids because of the firm theoretical background [1][2][3][4] and the ease of implementing suitable test protocols. However, in most processing operations the deformations can be large and rapid: it is therefore the nonlinear material properties that control the system response. A full sample characterization thus requires well-defined nonlinear test protocols. Consequently there has been a recent renewal of interest in exploiting Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) tests to investigate and quantify the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of complex fluids. In terms of the experimental input, both LAOS and SAOS require the user to select appropriate ranges of strain amplitude (γ 0 ) and frequency (ω). However, there is a distinct difference in the analysis of experimental output, i.e. the material response. At sufficiently large strain amplitude, the material response will become nonlinear in LAOS tests and the familiar material functions used to quantify the linear behavior in SAOS tests are no longer sufficient. For example, the definitions of the linear viscoelastic moduli G΄(ω) and G˝(ω) are based inherently on the assumption that the stress response is purely sinusoidal (linear). However, a nonlinear stress response is not a perfect sinusoid and therefore the viscoelastic moduli are not uniquely defined; other methods are needed for quantifying the nonlinear material response under LAOS deformation. In the present review article, we first summarize the typical nonlinear responses observed with complex fluids under LAOS deformations. We then introduce and critically compare several methods that quantify the nonlinear oscillatory stress response. We illustrate the utility and sensitivity of these protocols by investigating the nonlinear response of various complex fluids over a wide range of frequency and amplitude of deformation, and show that LAOS characterization is a rigorous test for rheological models and 3 advanced quality control.

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“…The analysis is confined to infinitesimal strain and pre-strain, usually being the condition for structureborne sound applications, where Fletcher-Gent [11] effect is negligible. A convolution integral, expressed as a constitutive relaxation relation at natural time t and temperature T while being physically aged a time t ph at temperature T and chemically aged a time t ch at temperature T ch , 1 is additively decomposed into a spherical part…”

Section: Constitutive Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic stiffness of chemically and physically ageing rubber vibration isolators in the audible frequency range

Kari

2017

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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The constitutive equations of chemically and physically ageing rubber in the audible frequency range are modelled as a function of ageing temperature, ageing time, actual temperature, time and frequency. The constitutive equations are derived by assuming nearly incompressible material with elastic spherical response and viscoelastic deviatoric response, using Mittag-Leffler relaxation function of fractional derivative type, the main advantage being the minimum material parameters needed to successfully fit experimental data over a broad frequency range. The material is furthermore assumed essentially entropic and thermo-mechanically simple while using a modified William-Landel-Ferry shift function to take into account temperature dependence and physical ageing, with fractional free volume evolution modelled by a nonlinear, fractional differential equation with relaxation time identical to that of the stress response and related to the fractional free volume by Doolittle equation. Physical ageing is a reversible ageing process, including trapping and freeing of polymer chain ends, polymer chain reorganizations and free volume changes. In contrast, chemical ageing is an irreversible process, mainly attributed to oxygen reaction with polymer network either damaging the network by scission or reformation of new polymer links. The chemical ageing is modelled by inner variables that are determined by inner fractional evolution equations. Finally, the model parameters are fitted to measurements results of natural rubber over a broad audible frequency range, and various parameter studies are performed including comparison with results obtained by ordinary, non-fractional ageing evolution differential equations.

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Nonlinearity in the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanized Rubber Compounds

Cited by 89 publications

References 0 publications

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 2): Other and Intrinsic Effects on MCF Rubber Property

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 2): Other and Intrinsic Effects on MCF Rubber Property

A review of nonlinear oscillatory shear tests: Analysis and application of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)

Dynamic stiffness of chemically and physically ageing rubber vibration isolators in the audible frequency range

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