Nonlinear spectroscopy with a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)

Affolderbach, C.; Nagel, A.; Knappe, Svenja; Jung, Christian; Wiedenmann, D.; Wynands, R.

doi:10.1007/s003400050066

Cited by 76 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…Compared to other laser diodes VCSELs have low production costs, high modulation efficiency and their circular beam profile allows simple fibre coupling [1]. Therefore, they are widely used in optical fibre communication, in spectroscopy [2] and in consumer electronics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a disadvantage of this laser type for the use in CPT resonance excitation applications can be its typically higher laser line width of about 50-100 MHz compared to, e.g. DFB lasers (2)(3)(4)(5). The laser line width should be less or equal to the homogenous line width of the excited optical resonance to allow an efficient preparation of the CPT effect [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated endurance test of single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under vacuum used for a scalar space magnetometer

et al. 2018

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We performed an endurance test with single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) under vacuum condition and increased operational parameters (laser current and laser temperature) to accelerate the aging of the lasers. During the endurance test the emitted polarization-dependent and polarization-independent optical light power from the lasers was detected. Additionally, electro-optical characterisations including measurements of the combination of laser current and laser temperature to excite the 87 Rb D 1 transition (λ = 795 nm), the current and temperature tuning coefficients, laser line width, threshold current and the polarization ellipse were performed for the aged lasers. The test was started with a number of 12 VCSELs consisting of 4 lasers each from 3 different suppliers. The aging behaviour of VCSELs was investigated with respect to the development of a new optical magnetometer prototype for space missions with a mission duration of up to 17 years. Only a limited change of the electro-optical parameters can be tolerated by the instrument design over the mission duration. The endurance test and the electro-optical characterizations revealed clear differences in the aging behaviour of the three suppliers. Lasers from one supplier showed that they can be operated for more than 17 years under vacuum conditions without major degradation of their operational parameters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated endurance test of single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under vacuum used for a scalar space magnetometer

et al. 2018

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“…Over recent years, CPT physics [1] combined with micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques and semiconductor lasers has allowed the development of miniature atomic clocks exhibiting a low power consumption (≈ 150 mW), a volume of 10-15 cm 3 and frequency stability performances better than 10 −11 at 1 hour to 1 day of integration time [2]. These miniature atomic frequency standards outperform widely-used traditional quartz-crystal oscillators and are promising for a number of civil, industrial and military applications such as mobile telecommunications, telecommunication and power networks, navigation systems or sensor applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current miniature CPT clocks use a VCSEL to generate optical sidebands for CPT excitation. These compact, low-power, low-threshold current and high-modulationbandwidth lasers-despite their broad linewidth (100 MHz typically)-have demonstrated their potential to detect narrow-linewidth CPT resonances in alkali vapor cells [3]. Later, it was shown that excitation on the D 1 line results in higher contrast and narrower CPT resonances than excitation on the D 2 line, for Rb [4] as well as for Cs [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Gruet¹,

Al-Samaneh²,

Kroemer³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report on the characterization and validation of customdesigned 894.6 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), for use in miniature Cs atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The laser relative intensity noise (RIN) is measured to be 1 × 10 −11 Hz −1 at 10 Hz Fourier frequency, for a laser power of 700 μW. The VCSEL frequency noise is 10 13 · f −1 Hz 2 /Hz in the 10 Hz < f < 10 5 Hz range, which is in good agreement with the VCSEL's measured fractional frequency instability (Allan deviation) of ≈ 1 × 10 −8 at 1 s, and also is consistent with the VCSEL's typical optical linewidth of 20-25 MHz. The VCSEL bias current can be directly modulated at 4.596 GHz with a microwave power of −6 to +6 dBm to generate optical sidebands for CPT excitation. With such a VCSEL, a 1.04 kHz linewidth CPT clock resonance signal is detected in a microfabricated Cs cell filled with Ne buffer gas. These results are compatible with state-of-the-art CPT-based miniature atomic clocks exhibiting a short-term frequency instability of 2-3×10 −11 at τ = 1 s and few 10 −12 at τ = 10 4 s integration time.

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“…The demonstration of coherent population trapping (CPT) spectroscopy using VCSEL diode lasers [1] has opened up the way toward significantly reducing the size, power and complexity of atomic clocks [2], and many studies have been carried out on the miniaturization of CPT-based atomic clocks [3]. Nevertheless, this interrogation principle has some drawbacks, such as a non-negligible light background to the clock signal (due to non-resonant laser modulation sidebands) and the difficulty of controlling precisely the spectrum of the multi-frequency light field used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of laser-pumped double-resonance clock signals using a microfabricated cell

et al. 2012

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We present our microwave spectroscopic studies on laser-microwave double-resonance (DR) signals obtained from a micro-fabricated Rb vapor cell. This study focuses on the characteristics and systematic shifts of the ground-state 'clock transition' in 87 Rb (|F g = 1, m F = 0 →| F g = 2, m F = 0 ) used in Rb atomic clocks, and represents a first step toward a miniature atomic clock based on the DR scheme. A short-term clock instability below 2 × 10 11 τ −1/2 is demonstrated, staying below 10 −11 up to τ = 10 4 s.

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Nonlinear spectroscopy with a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Accelerated endurance test of single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under vacuum used for a scalar space magnetometer

Accelerated endurance test of single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers under vacuum used for a scalar space magnetometer

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Study of laser-pumped double-resonance clock signals using a microfabricated cell

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