Nonlinear response of chemical reaction dynamics

Abstract

AC Corrosion ProtectionW hen one does a specific action and observes a specific result; then, the opposite action should cause the opposite result. This is an example of a linear response system. According to Newton's second law, a pulling force on the right side of an object will accelerate it toward the right. A pulling force on the left side, will accelerate that object toward the left. If the magnitudes of the forces are doubled, the acceleration will be doubled. What are the limitations of such linear responses? What happens when this fails? Let us choose an important chemical system to take a closer look: rusting steel structures-the corrosion of iron.Rusting occurs when iron or steel are in an oxidizing environment such as atmospheric oxygen and water. The metal turns into ferric rust, a soft red-brown compound. The degradation of metals by corrosion is a very common reaction for metals, because the oxide of the metal has a much lower energy state than the metal itself. Therefore, metals have a strong tendency to oxidize. The National Association of Corrosion Engineers estimates that the cost of corrosion of steel bridges, pipelines, steel embedded in concrete, and vehicles will exceed one trillion dollars in the United States in 2013 [1]. The most common corrosion protection methods are plating, painting, and application of enamel. However, the metal is unprotected when the coating is damaged by abrasion or when differences in the physical properties between the metal and the coating create cracks and detachments. Cathodic protection is a method to suppress corrosion if other methods fail. It suppresses corrosion by shifting the electric potential difference between the steel and the surrounding medium such that the metal is immune to oxidation.The first step of the corrosion process of steel in a wet environment is the oxidation of metalic iron to ferric ions,where the ferric ion is dissolved in water and the electrons remain in the metal. Ferric ions react with oxygen and water and can eventually turn into rust. However, if there are already many electrons on the metal surface this reaction is reversed and the metal is immune to corrosion. Figure 1(a) shows that for moderate pH values, iron is immune to corrosion if the electric potential of the metal is 0.85 V lower than the potential of the surrounding liquid.

Block-oriented system identification for nonlinear modeling of all-solid-state Li-ion battery technology

“…In recent years, nonlinear modeling garnered the attention of scientists and engineers as these techniques are flexible and, secondly, most of the systems are nonlinear inherently [25,26]. The main specific of the nonlinear systems is that output does not change in proportion with the input variations [27].…”

Controller Parameter Optimization for the Robust Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Known and Unknown Parameters

“…This idea of chaos synchronization was first introduced in [1]. After the remarkable work [1], chaos synchronization has been widely investigated in the relevant literature [2][3][4]. At present, chaos synchronization has received increasing interest in many scientific disciplines, such as chemical processes and biological systems [5], cryptosystem [6], information processing [7], secure communications [8], and many physical systems [9].…”