Nonlinear response of biophoton emission to external perturbations

Abstract

By considering an exciplex system consisting of collective molecules in interaction with both the 'pumping' fields and the biophoton fields, the two-level exciplex model and the three-level exciplex model are presented. They are useful for the investigation of the quasi-stationary behaviour of biophoton emission, and biophoton emission as a dynamic process in the presence of external perturbations. Our theoretical results predict a series of nonlinear effects, such as chaos, fractal behaviour, and non-equilibrium phase transition. These effects characterize the coherence nature of living systems. In our approaches, there are two important quantities f and x, which can be used to mark the working points of the two-level and three-level exciplex systems. All the influences of external perturbations on the exciplex systems, e.g. change of temperature, the addition of agents, exposure to light, etc., can be interpreted as shifts of the working points of the systems, leading to a diversity of nonlinear response of biophoton emission. In addition, the agreements of the theoretical results and the corresponding experimental observations on biophoton emission from biological systems in the presence of external perturbations are demonstrated.

Oscillations of ultra-weak photon emission from cancer and non-cancer cells stressed by culture medium change and TNF-α

“…Such non-linear responses of UPE to external perturbations were also seen in experiments at elevated temperature 13 , upon electrostatic field exposures 14 , or upon incubation with aqueous solutions of ethidium bromide ( i.e ., increased UPE with low concentration, decrease with high concentration) 15 . Thus, the generation mechanisms of UPE might be an intrinsic phenomenon of cells and tissues as already pointed out in the 1990s by Gu and Popp 16 . Non-linearity is a very frequently observed property of biological systems 17 but is also observed in non-biological systems 18 so that its presence is not a direct proof for higher-order complex, i.e.…”

On the stress-induced photon emission from organism: I, will the scattering-limited delay affect the temporal course?

“…The temporal profile of the surface-measured induced PE in response to an external stimulus apparently will express the temporal characteristics of both of the two processes, namely the stress-transfer process and the photon-propagation process, and the length of the temporal retardation or the duration of the PE measured on tissue surface has to be no shorter than the longer temporal scale between the two phases. The well-known nonlinear soliton mechanism [47] that justifies the coherence and most common hyperbolicdecay patterns of induced PE may be intervened in one or both of the processes. Solitons may be formed in the stress-transfer phase to prolong the lifetime of the excited states, causing a delayed or slow photogenesis phase to produce the surface-emitted photons later and slower in time comparing to the onset or removal of stress.…”