Nonlinear non-collinear ultrasonic detection and characterisation of kissing bonds

Alston, Jonathan; Croxford, Anthony J.; Potter, Jonathan; Blanloeuil, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2018.07.003

Cited by 42 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Such kinds of research include defect searching in adhesive bonds. Some of the defects found in adhesive joint are kissing bonds [ 26 , 27 ], gaps in the continuity of the applied adhesive path [ 28 ] and places in bond with lack of adhesion [ 29 ]. Ultrasonic assessment of the fatigue damage of adhesive joints [ 30 ] is also one of the research directions conducted by the researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass–Adhesive–Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves

et al. 2020

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The utilization of a glass–adhesive–steel joint in modern machine and vehicle production is constantly growing. Despite the technological regime during the production process, various defects in the adhesive joints may occur. One of the major problems is lack of adhesive between joined materials. Due to the widespread use of non-transparent layers increasing adhesion, it is frequently not possible to conduct simple visual inspections. Hence, it is important to develop a non-destructive adhesive path continuity examination procedure. In that process, the different physical properties of the joint materials must be taken into account. Therefore, in this paper various testing methods were used, including ultrasound, thermographic and electromagnetic methods operating in the microwave and terahertz frequency range. Different physical phenomena of the methods allowed for examination of the joint in a wide context. In order to verify the information brought by each method, the results were transferred into common coordinate space, compared and finally integrated. Various opinion pooling strategies were conducted to fuse data, which allowed us to emphasize convergent and complementary information on adhesive continuity. The obtained results are promising and constitute the basis for further work on an integrated system for automatic evaluation of a wide range of possible defects in glass–adhesive–steel joints.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass–Adhesive–Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves

et al. 2020

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“…It hides in localized spots surrounded by more-or-less well-bonded areas and is difficult to detect ultrasonically due to its low contrast in C-scans [5]. Additionally, kissing bonds cause a large reduction of bonding strength and an adhesive failure mode can be observed after it fractures [4] [6]. Thus, the occurrence of kissing bonds is in general not acceptable for aircraft structure because it may lead to fatal catastrophes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

Schuster¹,

Muller²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

OJCM

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Kissing bonds are defects in the adhesive bonds with intimate contact of touching surface but considerably lowered shear strength. Their detection specifically in the aerospace area is so not satisfactory. Usually, kissing bonds are inconspicuous in ultrasonic C-scans. However, the determination of attributes in the time domain and the frequency domain of an ultrasound signal provides the opportunity to derive a pattern for bonded area. Deviations from the pattern found in inconspicuous bonding areas indicate kissing bonds. The survey described here deals with the manufacturing of adhesively joint samples that purposefully include kissing bonds, as well as potential solutions for detecting them through ultrasonic testing combined with pattern recognition. The properties of the epoxy-based adhesive were varied by changing the mixing ratios between resin and hardener. Samples with a mixing ratio far apart from the manufacturer's recommendation with an inconspicuous appearance in a C-scan, but low shear strength values were taken for further evaluation. After a definition and learning phase, a 100 percent hit rate to separate good bondings from kissing bonds could be derived in a blind test. The discriminating feature found is due to the frequency shift between good and kissing bonds as well as the relative amplitude of the second peak.

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“…Staszewski, 2006;Croxford et al, 2009;, and ultimately nonlinear methods also seek to allow the detection of weak and kissing bonds. While substantial progress has been made (Zaitsev and Sas, 2000;Alston et al, 2018;Dunn, 2017a) reliable detection of these types of defects has been a substantial challenge.…”

Section: Vibro-acoustic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the popularity of these methods conventional (linear) Ultrasonic NDT techniques have reached their limits of detectability for certain types of damage such as closed fatigue cracks and weak bonds and micro-structural degradation (Jhang, 2009;Klepka, Pieczonka, W.J. Staszewski, et al, 2014;Alston et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018). These particular types of defects do not reflect acoustic energy and hence are effectively invisible to pulse echo methods.…”

Section: Introduction 11 Motivation and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An investigation into novel techniques for nonlinear NDT measurements and their applications

Carcione¹

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Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) encompasses a diverse field of techniques that can be used to detect the presence of damage in mechanical components and parts. Among these techniques, ultrasonic pulse echo NDT is the most common method used to detect damage. Conventional ultrasonic NDT utilizes piezoelectric transducers to send and receive pulses of acoustic energy into a part. The interaction of these elastic waves with material defects can be measured as small amounts of reflected energy. However, current methods have significant limitations when it comes to defects such as micro-cracks, closed cracks or weak bonds. It is recognized that nonlinear acoustics methods can be used for the detection of early stage damage and material defects that are generally undetectable with traditional methods. One of these methods is nonlinear wave modulation also referred to as nonlinear vibro-acoustics. In this technique a sample is excited at two distinct frequencies, known as pumping and probing waves. The pumping wave is normally between 10-1000 Hz and the probing wave is in the ultrasonic range. Interactions with defects, such as cracks or weak bonds, causes intermodulation of these two frequencies due to nonlinear effects. These effects include nonlinear contact dynamics, hysteresis and contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN). This intermodulation results in additional frequencies being present in the frequency domain that were not part of the original excitation. These new frequencies are known as sidebands or harmonics and can be directly observed by taking an FFT of the system response. This work attempts to address the disadvantages of conventional nonlinear NDT methods while also expanding the understanding of nonlinear phenomena through novel processing methods and apparatuses. In this research three novel methods have been developed. The first method utilizes nonlinear frequency mixing without requiring the use of a low frequency pumping wave. The sample is excited at several distinct but similar frequencies in the ultrasonic range using only one piezoelectric transducer. This eliminates the need of a shaker for low frequency excitation, greatly simplifying experimental design. The second technique is a novel data processing method. It is based on the down-conversion of the probing wave to recover a low frequency distorted wave, this provides a more direct and meaningful analysis of nonlinear wave modulation compared to conventional methods. This technique uses all of the sideband spectra around the probing frequency. This is in contrast to existing methods that typically only consider the first or second pair of sidebands in their analysis. Lastly, an entirely non-contact, air-coupled nonlinear vibro-acoustic measurement technique and apparatus has been developed and demonstrated. This apparatus uses non-contact ultrasonic transducers for probing wave excitation and a loudspeaker inside a resonant cavity to provide a pumping excitation. The technique is demonstrated for the detection of near surface defects for thin pl...

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Nonlinear non-collinear ultrasonic detection and characterisation of kissing bonds

Cited by 42 publications

References 24 publications

Glass–Adhesive–Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves

Glass–Adhesive–Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves

Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

An investigation into novel techniques for nonlinear NDT measurements and their applications

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