Nonlinear Learning Underpinning Pedagogy: Evidence, Challenges, and Implications

Coordination in Climbing: Effect of Skill, Practice and Constraints Manipulation

“…Exploration from a learning perspective is an important behaviour, because, it can allow individuals to find new patterns of coordination and modes of regulating these acquired patterns [30,107]. Pijpers and colleagues [66,92] have outlined the importance of distinguishing exploration from other actions in climbing, stating that 'performatory movements are meant to reach a certain goal', while 'exploratory movements are primarily information gathering movements' [66].…”

Constraints representing a meta-stable régime facilitate exploration during practice and transfer of learning in a complex multi-articular task

“…Because, at each session practice on each route was 547 counter-balanced, this reflects variable practice conditions and may be the main 548 the reason underpinning the transfer effects (Chow, 2013;Ranganathan & 549 Newell, 2013). Similar to the discussion above, future research should consider 550 implementing an independent group design in order to determine if a specific 551 condition underpinned the transfer effects.…”

A Constraint-Led Approach to Coaching and Teaching Games: Can going back to the future solve the «they need the basics before they can play a game» argument?

“…For example, we posit here that rather than being asked to play team games before they are ready and have the requisite action capabilities, a better approach would be to provide significant amounts of individual or 1 with 1 or 1 v 1 practice to enable the development of ballpark co-ordination patterns as the primary goal (Chow et al, 2016). To that end, solitary practices indulged in by children for generations such as hitting or kicking balls against walls, throwing or shooting balls at targets are valuable learning activities to support games play.…”

“…In a CLA, pedagogical principles such as self-organisation and the manipulation of constraints, representative learning design, infusion of variability, accounting for attentional focus and enhancing informationmovement couplings work together to support the pedagogical channels of instructions, practice and informational constraints (see Renshaw, Davids, Chow, & Hammond, 2010;Chow, 2013, for detailed definitions of these underlying concepts).…”

“…The theoretical foundation of NLP is ecological dynamics and therefore differs in many ways to traditional methods of teaching and coaching (Chow, Davids, Button, Shuttleworth, Renshaw, & Araúo, 2006;Chow et al, 2016). From a nonlinear dynamics perspective, learning to play games is viewed as a process of searching for appropriate preferred patterns of intraindividual and inter-individual coordination, into which a system can settle during a task or activity (Button, Chow, & Rein, 2008).…”