“…Regarding the investigation of the applicability of constitutive models for cracked concrete, there are several numerical tools which stand out, including the following: (a) Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) Models [3], [24]- [30]; (b) Concentrated Damage Model [31]- [36]; (c) Cracking distributed [37]- [40]; (c) Multi-scale models [41]; (d) Models based on failure or rupture criteria [28], [42]; and (e) Fracture models [28], [43]. On the other hand, the models can be called phenomenological models, which are intended to model the mechanical behaviour of materials based on dissipative processes which occur in the microscale.…”