Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The presence of mesoscopic features and damage in quasi-brittle materials causes significant second order and nonlinear effects on the acoustic wave propagation characteristics. In order to quantify the influence of such micro-inhomogeneities, a new and promising tool for non-destructive material testing has been developed and applied in the field of damage detection. The technique focuses on the acoustic nonlinear (i.e. amplitude dependent) response of one of the material's resonance modes when driven at relatively small wave amplitudes. The method is termed SIngle MOde Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy (SIMONRAS). The behavior of damaged materials is manifested by amplitude dependent resonance frequency shifts, harmonic generation and nonlinear attenuation. We illustrate the method by experiments on artificial slate tiles used in roofing construction. The sensitivity of this method to discern material damage is far greater than that of linear acoustic methods. Single Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy

Nonlinear acoustic resonances to probe a threaded interface

“…In the case of more complex materials, either heterogeneous, cracked, or granular ͑mesoscopic scales͒, and for strain above roughly 10 −6 , 41, 42 Landau theory is no longer valid. 43,44 Indeed, some typical behaviors appear in this case: an hysteresis with cusps is present in the stressstrain response, odd harmonics are favored, resonance frequency exhibits a linear shift with level of excitation, 38 and a slow dynamic phenomenon appears. 45,46 The physical origins of these phenomena, which are still not completely understood, comes from a rearrangement of grains ͑dislocations, rupture, recovery bonds͒ which can be modeled as friction and/or clapping, together with a thermoelastic effect.…”

“…These techniques are primarily based on harmonic generation, [30][31][32] frequency mixing, 33-35 acoustoelasticity, 36,37 or shift in the resonance frequency. 26,28,38,39 The latter provides the means to extract nonlinear elastic and dissipative parameters, associated to changes in the resonance frequency and damping with level of excitation, respectively.…”

Micro-damage diagnostics using nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS)

“…At the Laboratory of Building Physics of the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, the SIMONRAS technique was adopted and applied to characterise and assess damage in various building materials [6,22,23]. As an example, we consider a thin, rectangular beam (400 £ 26 £ 4 mm 3 ) of ®bre-cemented (arti®cial) slate used in roo®ng constructions.…”

Inherent acoustic nonlinearity of fiber reinforced composites

“…They called this class of materials as mesoscopic materials where the elastic behavior was controlled by mesoscopic elements along the grain boundary. Following this, several researchers have used NEWS techniques to detect and quantify damage in composites and other materials [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Van Den Abeele demonstrated the use of NEWS techniques for detecting damage in fiber cemented plates.…”

“…from Los Alamos [9][10][11][12][20][21][22][23]. Van Den Abeele, Guyer and McCall [20] used a phenomenological model to show that for a nonlinear hysteretic material, linear softening (i.e.…”