Nonlinear conversion efficiency in Kerr frequency comb generation

Bao, Changjing; Zhang, Lin; Matsko, Andrey B.; Yan, Yan; Zhao, Zhe; Xie, Guodong; Agarwal, Anuradha M.; Kimerling, Lionel C.; Michel, Jürgen; Maleki, Lute; Willner, Alan E.

doi:10.1364/ol.39.006126

Cited by 154 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Soliton formation in crystalline materials has not shown any evidence [6,11]. Recently, for amorphous silica-and SiN-based microresonators, the Raman effect was estimated by numerical simulations [29][30][31], and it was found that a comb spectral shift can occur when a Ramannonlinearity assisted single temporal dissipative soliton is formed. In this letter, we report for the first time to the authors' best knowledge the direct experimental observation of Raman induced soliton self-frequency shift in microresonator solitons.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Raman Self-Frequency Shift of Dissipative Kerr Solitons in an Optical Microresonator

et al. 2016

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The formation of temporal dissipative solitons in continuous wave laser driven microresonators enables the generation of coherent, broadband and spectrally smooth optical frequency combs as well as femtosecond pulses with compact form factor. Here we report for the first time on the observation of a Raman-induced soliton self-frequency shift for a microresonator soliton. The Raman effect manifests itself in amorphous SiN microresonator based single soliton states by a spectrum that is hyperbolic secant in shape, but whose center is spectrally red-shifted (i.e. offset) from the continuous wave pump laser. The shift is theoretically described by the first order shock term of the material's Raman response, and we infer a Raman shock time of 20 fs for amorphous SiN. Moreover, we observe that the Raman induced frequency shift can lead to a cancellation or overcompensation of the soliton recoil caused by the formation of a (coherent) dispersive wave. The observations are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations based on the Lugiato-Lefever equation (LLE) with a Raman shock term. Our results contribute to the understanding of Kerr frequency combs in the soliton regime, enable to substantially improve the accuracy of modeling and are relevant to the fundamental timing jitter of microresonator solitons.Introduction. -Microresonator based optical frequency combs (Kerr combs) [1, 2] enable optical frequency comb generation from a continuous wave (CW) laser, with repetition rates in the microwave domain (>10 GHz), and broad spectral bandwidth [3][4][5]. Recently, a qualitatively new operation regime has been discovered [6], in which the parametrically generated comb seeds the formation of a temporal dissipative (cavity) soliton [7][8][9]. Such temporal dissipative solitons, first externally induced in fiber cavities [10], have been observed in Kerr frequency comb experiments using crystalline microresonators [6,11] and have recently also been generated in photonic chip based silicon nitride (SiN) integrated resonators [5,12]. Soliton based microresonator frequency combs have several attractive features, in particular being fully coherent, having smooth envelopes and giving access to femtosecond pulses. Indeed, the short duration of temporal solitons in crystalline microresonators have been used for external fiber broadening [6,13] and have allowed to achieve self-referencing (i.e. determination of the comb's carrier envelope frequency) enabling to count the cycles of light [13]. Moreover, taking advantage of dispersion engineering [3,14], the presence of third (and higher) order dispersion allows (coherent) dispersive waves (DWs) to be generated [12] via the effect of soliton induced Cherenkov radiation [15]. This process has been used to create a photonic chip based (coherent) frequency comb in a SiN microresonator spanning 2/3 of an octave at electronically detectable mode spacing. However, while advances in theoretical simulations of the soliton regime have occured [14,16,17] a key underlying question is what ot...

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“…Theory and numerical simulations -We numerically simulate the Kerr comb generation in SiN microresonators, based on LLE [6,7,36,37], but include the Raman effect [29][30][31]:…”

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Raman Self-Frequency Shift of Dissipative Kerr Solitons in an Optical Microresonator

et al. 2016

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“…A generalized LL equation that takes into account higher order dispersion was introduced in [75,135]. Raman scattering as well as self-steepening terms were added to this equation in [136][137][138].…”

Section: Lugiato-lefever (Forced Damped Nonlinear Schrödinger) Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The low efficiency of the nonlinear process resulting in the mode locked Kerr comb is one of them [137]. The efficiency, defined as the ratio of the pump power and averaged pulse train power, degrades with growth of the comb spectral width, and is inversely proportional to the number of comb lines.…”

Section: Unsolved Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Frequency Combs in Monolithic Resonators

2016

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Optical frequency combs have become indispensable in astronomical measurements, biological fingerprinting, optical metrology, and radio frequency photonic signal generation. Recently demonstrated microring resonator-based Kerr frequency combs point the way towards chip scale optical frequency comb generator retaining major properties of the lab scale devices. This technique is promising for integrated miniature radiofrequency and microwave sources, atomic clocks, optical references and femtosecond pulse generators. Here we present Kerr frequency comb development in a historical perspective emphasizing its similarities and differences with other physical phenomena. We elucidate fundamental principles and describe practical implementations of Kerr comb oscillators, highlighting associated solved and unsolved problems.

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“…In order to stimulate experiments, in the second part of the article we consider a specific realistic fiber ring cavity system. We finally note that this work can also shed new light on the peculiar role that plays the Raman effect on the generation of frequency combs in high-finesse optical micro-cavities [72][73][74][75][76], a subject of current intense investigations in relation with the important issue of the coherence properties of frequency combs [77][78][79][80][81].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weak Langmuir optical turbulence in a fiber cavity

Garnier

Mussot

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. A

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We study theoretically and numerically the dynamics of a passive optical fiber ring cavity pumped by a highly incoherent wave -an incoherently injected fiber laser. The theoretical analysis reveals that the turbulent dynamics of the cavity is dominated by the Raman effect. The forced-dissipative nature of the fiber cavity is responsible for a large diversity of turbulent behaviors: Besides nonequilibrium statistical stationary states, we report the formation of a periodic pattern of spectral incoherent solitons, or the formation of different types of spectral singularities, e.g., dispersive shock waves and incoherent spectral collapse behaviors. We derive a mean-field kinetic equation that describes in detail the different turbulent regimes of the cavity and whose structure is formally analogous to the weak Langmuir turbulence kinetic equation in the presence of forcing and damping. A quantitative agreement is obtained between the simulations of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cavity boundary conditions and those of the mean-field kinetic equation and the corresponding singular integro-differential reduction, without using adjustable parameters. We discuss the possible realization of a fiber cavity experimental set-up in which the theoretical predictions can be observed and studied.

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Nonlinear conversion efficiency in Kerr frequency comb generation

Cited by 154 publications

References 27 publications

Raman Self-Frequency Shift of Dissipative Kerr Solitons in an Optical Microresonator

Raman Self-Frequency Shift of Dissipative Kerr Solitons in an Optical Microresonator

On Frequency Combs in Monolithic Resonators

Weak Langmuir optical turbulence in a fiber cavity

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