Nonlinear Characterization of Fiber Optic Submarine Cables

Mateo, Eduardo; Nakamura, Kohei; Inoue, Takanori; Inada, Yoshihisa; Ogata, Takaaki

doi:10.1109/ecoc.2017.8346075

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…( 1) and ( 2), the existence of nonlinear effect cannot be disregarded with the introduction of digital coherent transmission. So, the characteristics of optical submarine cables should be defined by the generalized OSNR (GOSNR) that includes the nonlinear effect as follows [12]: where PNL is the noise caused by the nonlinear effect. Additionally, Generalized SNR (GSNR) is also proposed which is independent of signal bandwidth [29]:…”

Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to this condition, FASTER has adopted another criterion defined by OSNR for the first time in the world [2]. Furthermore, there is a new trend of using the GOSNR (or GSNR) as the criteria instead of the Q-factor [13]. The background to this trend is that recently the style of procurement has changed to the so-called "Open cable", which is contracted for wet plants only.…”

Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, there are some difficulties to be resolved, for example, how to confirm the reliability of estimated GOSNR (or GSNR) before making a contract, and how to measure GOSNR (or GSNR) after construction, etc. Currently, the GN-model is used for the estimation of GOSNR (or GSNR) at the design stage [14], while the measured nonlinear coefficient can be correlated with the value of the fiber specification that is obtained by the transmission performance of an actual real-time transponder [13]. The result contributes to the strategy of the cable system acceptance test.…”

Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-Art and Future of Submarine Cable System Technology

Takahashi

2020

Optical Network Design and Modeling

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The FASTER cable system has been developed as the first trans-pacific optical submarine cable system designed for digital-coherent transmission at the initial state. With this significant change for submarine cables, the design capacity is continuously being upgraded following the improvement of the stateof-the-art modulation format to maximize spectral efficiency even at the limited optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). For the next generation, the novel technologies are expected to increase the capacity per cable under the conditions of limited feeding power and space in a cable. This report reviews some technologies from the current to the promising future submarine cable systems such as the introduction of space-division-multiplexing (SDM) technologies.

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Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Power Feeding Limitation For Submarine Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-Art and Future of Submarine Cable System Technology

Takahashi

2020

Optical Network Design and Modeling

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“…Cable voltages were somewhat less limiting in the past when submarine cables contained only a few fiber pairs (FPs) except for perhaps the longest links, but new cables are now being built largely according to the design principle of spatial division multiplexing (SDM). The SDM concept effectively means dividing a fixed and limited electrical power supply in the cable over more spatial paths than in previous generation cable systems [2][3][4][5][6]. It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that power efficiency and total capacity can be increased by dividing the fixed power supply over more spatial paths, with each path operating at lower optical power and thus lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power-efficient undersea SDM systems

Downie

2023

Next-Generation Optical Communication: Components, Sub-Systems, and Systems XII

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Undersea submarine cable transmission systems are characterized by fixed and limited electrical power supplies. Electrical power is provided by a DC voltage applied across the cable from power feed equipment (PFE) located at the terminal ends and is used to power all optical amplifiers throughout the entire link which may be many thousands of kilometers. Because of the limited nature of electrical power, the concept of power efficiency is very important. In fact, power efficiency drives the recent design trend in undersea systems to spatial division multiplexing (SDM), increasing fiber counts in submarine cables. We examine here efficiency maximization via system modeling primarily with respect to the optimal generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR). We explore dependences on system aspects such as capacity metric, link length, span loss, and fiber attenuation. We compare three different measures of efficiency based on total amplifier optical output power, total pump power, and overall cable capacity predicted by application of a pump sharing model and the resulting electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency levels predicted. Several capacity metrics are also studied and compared ranging from the theoretical Shannon capacity limit to a fitting of a real-time transponder. We evaluate optimal link GSNR values that maximize the various efficiency definitions as a function of link length, as well as optimal span loss values for a fixed link distance.

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“…At the same time, it is always necessary to minimize system cost/bit for viable system techno-economics. These requirements for higher capacity and lower cost/bit have led naturally to the cable concept of space division multiplexing (SDM) in which the limited electrical power is distributed over more spatial paths in the cable [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Both theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that power efficiency (and thus capacity for fixed power supply) can be significantly enhanced in this manner [8][9][10][11], at least up to limits imposed by signal droop effects [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cable Capacity and Cost/Bit Modeling of Submarine MCF Systems With MC-EDFA Alternatives

Downie

Jung

Makovejs

et al. 2023

J. Lightwave Technol.

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We model and examine various amplification options for trans-oceanic repeatered submarine systems using multicore fiber (MCF) transmission in the context of relative cable capacity and relative system cost/bit. First, we compare the optical performance of various configurations of parallel standard singlecore erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (SC-EDFAs) and multicore erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (MC-EDFAs), including both the C/L-bands and core/cladding pump designs. Key amplifier parameters governing expected capacity and cost/bit performance include noise figure, amplifier bandwidth, relative electrical-tooptical conversion efficiency, and relative amplifier cost. We make our best estimates of these parameters through modeling, analysis, and component cost estimates and assess the sensitivity of the results to the nominal values. We find that MC-EDFAs using either core-or cladding-pumping might offer lower cost/bit than parallel SC-EDFAs but cladding-pumping may reduce cable capacities due to the higher noise figure and potentially smaller amplifier bandwidth.

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Nonlinear Characterization of Fiber Optic Submarine Cables

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

State-of-the-Art and Future of Submarine Cable System Technology

State-of-the-Art and Future of Submarine Cable System Technology

Power-efficient undersea SDM systems

Cable Capacity and Cost/Bit Modeling of Submarine MCF Systems With MC-EDFA Alternatives

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