Noninvasive Technique for estimating Blood Glucose Levels among diabetic Patients

Shylaja,; Pa, Punde; Sam, George; Sn, Khan; Aa, Latheef; Aj, Thorat

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1835

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…6 Therefore, the concept of screening for unknown DM in patients suffering from periodontal diseases in dental practice was repeatedly mentioned. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In general, DM screening in dental settings is a promising approach to detect previously unknown (pre-)DM. Two different procedures are available: invasive blood collection in the dental office for HbA1c measurement 7,15,[17][18][19] and a non-invasive questionnairebased screening followed by the allocation of at-risk patients to general physicians/diabetologists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DM affects the severity of periodontitis and the response to periodontal treatment, which is dependent on glycemic control 6 . Therefore, the concept of screening for unknown DM in patients suffering from periodontal diseases in dental practice was repeatedly mentioned 7–16 . In general, DM screening in dental settings is a promising approach to detect previously unknown (pre‐)DM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study

Schmalz

Wolf

Merle

et al. 2020

Journal of Periodontology

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Background: This practice-based retrospective study evaluated a screening method for diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with Stage 3 or 4 periodontitis using the FINDRISC questionnaire. Methods: Patients with Stage 3 or 4 periodontitis who received FINDRISC screening in a German private dental practice were recruited. Individuals with positive FINDRISC scores (≥12, FINDRISC+) were referred for diabetological examination. Several general and periodontal findings from the patients' documentation were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 179 patients (52.65 ± 11.49 years) were included. In DM screening, 24.6% (n = 44) patients were FINDRISC+, including all patients with currently known DM (21 of 21). Of the remaining FINDRISC+ patients, 82.6% (19 of 23) visited their general practitioner, and 63.2% (12 of 19, 7.6% of total cohort) had an HbA1c ≥5.7%. Accordingly, 75% of the FINDRISC+ patients were diabetologically conspicuous (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%), including those with already known DM. Patients with previously unknown DM showed higher mean age, more missing teeth, a higher periodontitis stage (more Stage 4) and more frequently teeth with suppuration compared with the diabetologically inconspicuous individuals (P <0.01). Conclusion: The FINDRISC questionnaire is appropriate for patients with Stage 3 or 4 periodontitis and can be recommended in dental practice setting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study

Schmalz

Wolf

Merle

et al. 2020

Journal of Periodontology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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The reliability of using gingival crevicular blood to measure blood glucose and hba1c levels in the dental setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fakheran,

Bencze,

Mischak

et al. 2024

Clin Oral Invest

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Objective There are 500 million patients living with diabetes mellitus worldwide and 50% of them remain undiagnosed. Routine periodontal probing provides gingival crevicular blood in patients with gingivitis. Gingival blood may be useful for diabetes screening without the need for any expensive, painful or time-consuming method by using convenient glucometers. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to answer the question to “is there a difference in glucose or HbA1c levels (O) in patients with positive gingival bleeding (P) measured on gingival crevicular blood (GCB) (I) compared to finger prick capillary blood (CB) (C). Materials and methods The authors performed an electronic search of six databases using identical MeSH phrases. Only human clinical studies without limitations on the year of publication were considered. Data extraction was done by using standardized data collection sheets. Risk of bias assessment were conducted using QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C. Meta-analyses were carried out with the random effects model to aggregate the correlation coefficients and the difference between the means between gingival and capillary blood reading, using 95% confidence intervals. Results The database and manual search yielded 268 articles, from which the selection procedure provided 36 articles for full-text screening, and the final pool of eligible articles composed of 23 studies with 1680 patients. Meta-analysis results on glycemic levels showed differences between the GCB and CB procedures in patients with and without diabetes with values of -6.80 [-17.35; 3.76] and − 4.36 [-9.89; 1.18], respectively. Statistically significant correlations were found (p = 0.001) between GCB and CB measurements in patients with (0.97 [0.927; 0.987]) and without diabetes (0.927 [0.873; 0.958]). Conclusion Gingival blood could prove to be useful to identify patients with undiagnosed diabetes when the necessary amount of uncontaminated blood is present. However, this technique is limited by the possibility of contamination, prandial status and inaccuracies, so it is unsuited to address the patient’s glycemic control accurately.

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Can gingival crevicular blood effectively screen for diabetes in Chinese patients with moderate to severe periodontitis? A pilot study

Zhang

et al. 2021

Journal of Dental Sciences

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Background/purpose The early diagnosis of diabetes is essential for the prevention of complications. Periodontitis has been identified as the sixth complication of diabetes and chair-side screening may improve diagnosis of diabetes. This study evaluated whether gingival crevicular blood (GCB) available during routine periodontal examination can be used to screen for diabetes in Chinese patients with moderate to severe periodontitis. Materials and methods Finger-stick blood (FSB) and GCB were collected from patients (18 with diabetes and 42 without diabetes) during routine periodontal probing and analyzed for glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Results In the diabetic group, the mean glucose levels in GCB and FSB were 12.21 ± 3.86 and 12.61 ± 4.19 mmol/L respectively, while those of the non-diabetic group were 6.14 ± 0.85 and 6.15 ± 0.87 mmol/L, respectively. The average HbA1c values of the diabetic group were 7.72% ± 1.71% and 7.89% ± 1.78% in GCB and FSB, respectively, while those of the non-diabetic group were 5.28% ± 0.31% and 5.23% ± 0.32%, respectively. Highly significant correlations were found between GCB and FSB glucose levels (r = 0.993 for the diabetic group, and r = 0.977 for the non-diabetic group) and between GCB and FSB HbA1c levels (r = 0.977 for the diabetic group, and r = 0.829 for the non-diabetic group). Conclusion Our study results indicate that GCB available during routine periodontal examination may be acceptable for the analyses of blood glucose and HbA1c levels. The approach is suitable for screening undiagnosed diabetes in a dental setting.

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Noninvasive Technique for estimating Blood Glucose Levels among diabetic Patients

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study

Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study

The reliability of using gingival crevicular blood to measure blood glucose and hba1c levels in the dental setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Can gingival crevicular blood effectively screen for diabetes in Chinese patients with moderate to severe periodontitis? A pilot study

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