Noninvasive optical monitoring of pulmonary embolism: a Monte Carlo study on visible Chinese human thoracic tissues

Abstract

. Significance In recent years, the incidence rate of pulmonary embolism (PE) has increased dramatically. Currently, the correct diagnosis rate of PE in China is relatively low, and the diagnosis error rate and missed diagnosis rate were as high as about 80%. The most standard method of PE detection is pulmonary artery digital subtraction angiography (DSA), but pulmonary artery DSA is an invasive examination, and patients can have certain risks and discomfort. Noninvasive monitoring of PE remains challenging in cardiovascular medicine. Aim We attempt to study the light propagation in human thoracic tissues and explore the possibility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in noninvasive detection of PE. Approach In this study, by utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation method for voxelized media and the Visible Chinese Human dataset, we quantified and visualized the photon migration in human thoracic region. The influence of the development (three levels) of PE on the light migration was observed. Results Results showed that around 4.6% light fluence was absorbed by the pulmonary tissue. The maximum signal sensitivity distribution reached 0.073% at the 2.8- to 3.1-cm light source–detector separation. The normalized light intensity was significantly different among different PE levels and formed a linear relationship ( , ). Conclusions The study found that photons could reach the pulmonary artery tissue, the light intensity was linearly related to the degrees of embolism, PE could be quantitatively diagnosed by NIRS. Meanwhile, the optimized distance in between the light source and detector, 2.8 to 3.1 cm, was recommended to be used in future potential noninvasive optical diagnosis of PE.

Multiscale reconstruction of bronchus and cancer cells in human lung adenocarcinoma

“…Amira was used to convert the TIFF data format to the native LDA type so that the TB-sized data could be processed on a single workstation. The extraction of the data in the range of interest, sampling or interpolation, reslicing of the images, determination of the maximum intensity projection, volume and surface rendering, and creation of movies using Amira's main module were all steps in the visualization process [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Rapid en-bloc hematoxylin-eosin staining for human lung cancer tissue for fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography

“…Third, it's difficult to complete dehydration because lung tissue contains a lot of gas, and the tissue in wax block is prone to contain air bubbles [21], thus leading to the formation of cavities in the sections and affecting the 3D reconstruction. Therefore, the tissues were put in an isopropyl alcohol bath at 60 °C with shaking for dehydration, and wax immersion was taken at 65 °C with higher melting point hard wax (60 °C-62 °C), as the gas in tissue was easier to discharge in high temperature [22,23].…”