Noninvasive Method for Glucose Level Estimation by Saliva

Rp, Agrawal

doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000266

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Many authors have tried to explain the increased glucose content in the salivary secretion of diabetic patients. Some studies tried to show that the salivary glands act as filters of blood glucose that are altered by hormonal or neural regulation [1,3,14]. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to microvascular changes in the blood vessels, as well as basement membrane alteration in the salivary glands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glucose Level Estimation in Diabetes Mellitus By Saliva: A Bloodless Revolution

Kadashetti

Baad

Malik

et al. 2015

Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another one is spitting method in which the subject spits saliva into a test tube. Different reagents are used to determine the content of saliva [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Level Estimation in Diabetes Mellitus By Saliva: A Bloodless Revolution

Kadashetti

Baad

Malik

et al. 2015

Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine

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“…Saliva offers great potential for the non-invasive detection of analytes due to its easy accessibility and good correlation with glucose levels in blood. 18 Recently, several EFCs operating in saliva have been reported, 19 , 20 but the self-powered detection of glucose is not yet demonstrated. First, the effect of increasing the electrochemical surface area (ESA) of PCB-based gold-plated (Au) electrodes with hPG films is investigated to enhance the overall electrochemical performance of the immobilized enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Powered Detection of Glucose by Enzymatic Glucose/Oxygen Fuel Cells on Printed Circuit Boards

Gonzalez-Solino

Bernalte

Royo

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Monitoring glucose levels in physiological fluids can help prevent severe complications associated with hypo- and hyper-glycemic events. Current glucose-monitoring systems require a three-electrode setup and a power source to function, which can hamper the system miniaturization to the patient discomfort. Enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) offer the opportunity to develop self-powered and minimally invasive glucose sensors by eliminating the need for an external power source. Nevertheless, practical applications demand for cost-effective and mass-manufacturable EFCs compatible with integration strategies. In this study, we explore for the first time the use of gold electrodes on a printed circuit board (PCB) for the development of an EFC and demonstrate its application in saliva. To increase the specific surface area, the PCB gold-plated electrodes were modified with porous gold films. At the anode, glucose oxidase is immobilized with an osmium redox polymer that serves as an electron-transfer mediator. At the cathode, bilirubin oxidase is adsorbed onto the porous gold surface with a blocking agent that prevents parasitic reactions while maintaining the enzyme catalytic activity. The resulting EFC showed a linear response to glucose in phosphate buffer within the range 50 μM to 1 mM, with a sensitivity of 14.13 μA cm –2 mM –1 . The sensor was further characterized in saliva, showing the linear range of detection of 0.75 to 2 mM, which is within the physiological range, and sensitivity of 21.5 μA cm –2 mM –1 . Overall, this work demonstrates that PCBs are suitable platforms for EFCs, paving the way for the development of fully integrated systems in a seamless and miniaturized device.

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“…Saliva is considered as an ultrafiltrate of blood. Whole saliva is a biological fluid which is simple to collect [24]. The biochemistry reveals that the normal value of salivary glucose in a healthy non-diabetic individual was less than 2 mg/dl [25].…”

Section: Fig 1 Bar Graph Showing the Gender Distribution Among Diabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – A Comparative Study

Sagana

Dharman

2020

JPRI

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia because of the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. It requires frequent monitoring of glucose levels in the body which requires multiple pricking at regular intervals. It could be physically and psychologically traumatic to the patient. This necessitates an alternative to measure the glucose level. This study aims to correlate the salivary glucose level with the blood glucose level in diabetes patients. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups as Group A- 30 patients with diabetes and Group B- 30 healthy subjects. The blood and saliva samples were collected from the patients and the glucose levels were recorded. All these data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The mean (±SD) value of the random blood and salivary glucose level in diabetic patients were found to be 251.4±82.66 and 2.85±0.85 respectively and the mean blood and salivary glucose level in healthy subjects were found to be 101.12±10.14 and 0.875±0.13 respectively. There was a significant correlation between the salivary glucose levels and blood glucose levels among diabetes (p-0.00) and healthy individuals (p-0.00). From the data, the diagnostic accuracy was found to be 100%. Thus, Saliva could be used as an alternative to blood for monitoring the glucose status in diabetes patients.

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Noninvasive Method for Glucose Level Estimation by Saliva

Cited by 32 publications

References 11 publications

Glucose Level Estimation in Diabetes Mellitus By Saliva: A Bloodless Revolution

Glucose Level Estimation in Diabetes Mellitus By Saliva: A Bloodless Revolution

Self-Powered Detection of Glucose by Enzymatic Glucose/Oxygen Fuel Cells on Printed Circuit Boards

Estimation of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – A Comparative Study

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