Noninvasive evaluation of the athletic heart: Sprinters versus endurance runners

Ikäheimo, Markku J.; Palatsi, I.; Takkunen, Juha T.

doi:10.1016/0002-9149(79)90246-7

Cited by 110 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…45, 50, 53]. Our find- [26] mixed top athletes 126 8.7 Minamitani et al [27] P cyclists 1.036 20-30 0/100 Misson et al [28] long-distance R 18 0/100 22.2 sprinters 20 0/100 5 Plas [70] mixed athletes 2.380 Roskamm et al [30] mixed athletes 413 <40 0/100 Smith et al [31] marathon R 21 0/100 Venerando et al [33] mixed athletes 11.000 6.6 Venerando and Rulli [32] marathon ing of increased amplitudes of the precordial QRS complex is in accord with other inves tigators concerning right [44,47] and left ventricular depolarization [44,47,49,50,53], The sum of R, and S III was not increased. However, this index primarily de tects left ventricular hypertrophy in subjects with a horizontal heart position.…”

Section: Normal Populationsupporting

confidence: 58%

Electrocardiographic Findings in Athletic Students and Sedentary Controls

et al. 1991

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We have investigated resting electrocardiograms from 1,299 athletic students taken in the same laboratory during the years 1973-1982 and compared them with electrocardiograms recorded in 151 age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. Fifty-two parameters were recorded for each electrocardiogram and computerized. We found that athletic students had a significant lower heart rate, longer PQ time and a prolonged QT_C compared to control subjects. Athletes had higher maximal Q amplitudes in precordial leads, higher R in V₁ and higher indices of right ventricular hypertrophy (RV₁+ SV₅) and left ventricular hypertrophy (Sokolow-Lyon and Grant indices). Furthermore, the athletes had higher maximal ST elevation and higher maximal T wave amplitudes in precordial leads. Sinus bradycardia was more frequent in athletes. All control subjects were in sinus rhythm whereas 0.9% of the athletes had other rhythms (nodal, coronary sinus or wandering pacemaker). Athletes and control subjects did not differ significantly with regard to premature beats, atrioventricular block, bundle branch block or the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. We conclude that training induces significant changes in heart rate, conduction times, ST elevation, QRS and T voltage, slow rhythm disturbances and atrioventricular and sinoatrial block were infrequent in the resting electrocardiogram taken in the supine position and disappeared immediately on sitting and during exercise. Training-induced electrocardiographic changes may partly be due to alterations in autonomic tone and partly to structural changes in the myocardium. Different normal criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy may be warranted in athletes.

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Section: Normal Populationsupporting

confidence: 58%

Electrocardiographic Findings in Athletic Students and Sedentary Controls

et al. 1991

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“…Many echocardiographic [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] and few MR studies [4,6,7,8] have already demonstrated the increase of MM in highly trained athletes. The chronic demand of higher heart and cardiovascular system performances (producing increased stroke volume at rest) determines an increased MM to maintain normal wall stress [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LV MM and wall thickness were found to be greater in isometric (e. g. weight lifters) than in isotonic (e. g. long-distance runners) athletes [36]. In particular, in isotonic athletes an increase of LV MM and LV cavity (eccentric hypertrophy) occurs to sustain a chronic volume overload during exercise [1,28,29,34,37,38]. On the other hand, in isometric athletes an MM increase without end-diastolic LV cavity enlargement (concentric hypertrophy) can be observed to sustain a tremendous pressure overload [1,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging of athlete's heart: myocardial mass, left ventricular function, and cross-sectional area of the coronary arteries

et al. 2000

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To evaluate left ventricular myocardial mass and function as well as ostial coronary artery cross-sectional area in endurance athletes, an athlete group of 12 highly trained rowers and a control group of 12 sedentary healthy subjects underwent MR examination. An ECG-gated breath-hold cine gradient-echo sequence was used to calculate myocardial mass, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume, and cardiac output, all related to body surface area, as well as ejection fraction. A 3D fat-saturated ECG- and respiratory-triggered navigator echo sequence was used to evaluate coronary arteries: left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), and right coronary artery (RCA). Cross-sectional area was calculated and divided for body surface area. Myocardial mass was found significantly larger in athlete group than in control group (p = 0.0078), the same being for end-diastolic volume (p = 0.0078), stroke volume (p = 0.0055), LM (p = 0.0066) and LAD (p = 0.0129). No significant difference was found for all the remaining parameters. Significant correlation with myocardial mass was found for LM (p < 0.001) and LAD (p = 0.0340), not for LCx and RCA. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool in evaluating the myocardial hypertrophy and function of athlete's heart. Magnetic resonance angiography is a valuable noninvasive method to visualize the correlated cross-sectional area increase of the left coronary artery system.

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“…The LVIDd is significantly smaller in sprinters (100-and 200-m sprinters) compared with endurance runners (n = 29; 50.4 ± 2.15 mm vs n = 58; 54.9 ± 4.36 mm), 9 although other authors found no differences between such athletes (55.9 ± 4.8 mm vs 53.9 ± 3.8 mm). 25 The mechanism responsible for the differences in the heart morphology of endurance runners and sprinters might be the increase in venous return during the recovery phase. 25 In all subjects studied, both the IVSTd and PWTd decreased more in endurance runners than in sprinters (Table 2).…”

Section: -Echocardiographic Variables In Sprinters Versus Endurance Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 The mechanism responsible for the differences in the heart morphology of endurance runners and sprinters might be the increase in venous return during the recovery phase. 25 In all subjects studied, both the IVSTd and PWTd decreased more in endurance runners than in sprinters (Table 2). This may be because the endurance runners experienced both a reduction in the PWTd and an increase in left ventricular volume.…”

Section: -Echocardiographic Variables In Sprinters Versus Endurance Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Dimensions over 5 Years in Highly Trained Long-Distance Runners and Sprinters

Calderón

Díaz

Peinado

et al. 2010

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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Cardiac dimensions over 5 years in highly trained long-distance runners and sprinters Calderón, F; Díaz, V; Peinado, A; Benito, P; Maffulli, N Calderón, F; Díaz, V; Peinado, A; Benito, P; Maffulli, N (2010). Cardiac dimensions over 5 years in highly trained long-distance runners and sprinters. Cardiac dimensions over 5 years in highly trained long-distance runners and sprinters AbstractAims We assessed the changes in cardiac morphology between elite endurance-trained runners (n = 42) and elite sprinters (n = 34) over a 5-year period. In addition, we studied the relationship between heart size and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Methods At the beginning of 5 consecutive seasons, all athletes underwent an incremental running test to determine VO2 max and a color-coded pulsed Doppler examination to determine baseline echocardiographic variables. We hypothesized that cardiac morphology had reached its upper limit in elite athletes, and showed only minor changes during 5 years of regular training. Results Although all echocardiographic variables remained stable in nearly all sprinters studied, in the endurance runners (who presented higher cardiac cavity dimensions compared with sprinters), variations in heart morphology became evident from the third season, and were within established physiological limits. Conclusion Only 6 (17%) endurance runners and 3 (9%) sprinters showed a left ventricular internal diameter of > 60 mm (the threshold pathological value) at end diastole at some point during the observational period. Moreover, no statistically significant association was detected between changes in VO2 max and changes in heart size. After 5 years of intense training, the changes of the echocardiographic variables examined remained different between endurance runners and sprinters.The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Volume 38: No.4 Cardiac Dimensions Over 5 Years in Highly Trained Long-Distance Runners and SprintersFrancisco Javier Calderón, PhD; Victor Díaz, PhD; Ana B. Peinado, PhD; Pedro J. Benito, PhD; And Nicola Maffulli, MD, MS, PhD, FRCS(Orth) Abstract: AimsWe assessed the changes in cardiac morphology between elite endurance-trained runners (n = 42) and elite sprinters (n = 34) over a 5-year period. In addition, we studied the relationship between heart size and maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max). Methods At the beginning of 5 consecutive seasons, all athletes underwent an incremental running test to determine VO 2 max and a color-coded pulsed Doppler examination to determine baseline echocardiographic variables. We hypothesized that cardiac morphology had reached its upper limit in elite athletes, and showed only minor changes during 5 years of regular training. Results Although all echocardiographic variables remained stable in nearly all sprinters studied, in the endurance runners (who presented higher cardiac cavity dimensions compared with sprinters), variations in heart morphology became evident from the third season, and were within established physiological limits. Conclusion Only 6 (17%) endu...

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Noninvasive evaluation of the athletic heart: Sprinters versus endurance runners

Cited by 110 publications

References 13 publications

Electrocardiographic Findings in Athletic Students and Sedentary Controls

Electrocardiographic Findings in Athletic Students and Sedentary Controls

Magnetic resonance imaging of athlete's heart: myocardial mass, left ventricular function, and cross-sectional area of the coronary arteries

Cardiac Dimensions over 5 Years in Highly Trained Long-Distance Runners and Sprinters

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