Noninvasive Estimation of Temperature Elevations in Biological Tissues Using Acoustic Nonlinearity Parameter Imaging

Determination of nonlinear medium parameter B/A using model assisted variable-length measurement approach

“…The highest published value of B/A was measured to be about 13.5 in fatty tissue. This value was measured for pork fat at 60°C [16] and the authors of this article found that B/A increases with temperature elevation.…”

Temperature dependence of acoustic harmonics generated by nonlinear ultrasound beam propagation inex vivotissue and tissue-mimicking phantoms

“…Some investigators have proposed B/A as a basis for temperature estimation [17,18]. van Dongen and Verweij studied the temperature dependence of absorption coefficient, B/A, speed of sound, and thermal expansion of water [18].…”

Ultrasound thermal mapping based on a hybrid method combining cross-correlation and zero-crossing tracking

“…In comparison with existing temperature estimation studies using ultrasound, the proposed hybrid method demonstrated reasonable accuracy in the estimation of temperature variation for clinical applications. 14,15,17 The approach of using multiple thermocouples provided more information on the temperature distribution; however, the presence of more thermocouples produced acoustic shadows that reduced the B-mode image quality.…”

“…This error is comparable to those reported in the existing studies using different estimation approaches. 14,15,17 Theoretically speaking, coefficient k only remains constant at temperatures below 50 C. Therefore, estimations by the proposed hybrid method may exhibit larger errors when the heating temperature is increased above 50 C due to nonlinear behaviors such as protein denaturation and abnormal tissue expansion. In this study, the estimation errors were small due to the limited temperature range permitted.…”

“…Several approaches have been proposed, including analysis of backscattered energy, 9,10 frequency variations, 6,11 sound speed changes, [12][13][14][15] nonlinearity parameters, 16,17 elasticity, [18][19][20] and image texture features. 21 Seip and Ebbini implemented temperature mapping by analyzing RF signals, based on the principle that the speed of sound within a medium varies with temperature.…”