Noninvasive and prospective diagnosis of coronary heart disease with urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

A prospective diagnosis method for coronary heart disease (CHD) using human urine based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is proposed, and could provide valuable information for judging whether to perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clinics. Here, urine samples from 87 patients with CHD, including patients with PCI before operation (degree of cardiovascular congestion above 70%) and without PCI (degree of cardiovascular congestion under 70%), and 20 healthy humans were measured using SERS. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was employed to analyze the SERS spectra, revealing that the classification sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 78.9%, respectively, and the absolute value for loading of PC1 at 1509 cm-1 was the largest. Since platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is closely related to CHD, PDGF-BB aqueous solutions with various concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 ppm) and a mixture of healthy human urine and PDGF-BB aqueous solutions were then investigated in this work, and it was found that the Raman peak at 1509 cm-1 may be attributed to PDGF-BB. Moreover, the measured SERS spectra of all the urine samples from the 87 patients with CHD were compared with the clinical data provided by a hospital, and it was revealed that the appearance of a peak at 1509 cm-1 in the SERS spectra was in good agreement with the results of coronary angiography tests when cardiovascular congestion was above 70%. This indicated that the classification sensitivity and specificity were 87.9% and 87.0%, respectively, through identification of the Raman peak at 1509 cm-1.

Prospects for Raman spectroscopy in cardiology

“…С чрезмерной экспрессией гена PDGF связывают развитие многих ССЗ, таких как атеросклероз, аневризма аорты и ИБС [23]. Молекула PDGF существует в виде нескольких димеров, ранее было выявлено, что димер PDGF-BB может быть использован в качестве биомаркера для диагностики ИБС [24]. Был (2018) использован метод КР-спектроскопии для сравнения образцов мочи пациентов с ИБС с образцами мочи здоровых добровольцев [24].…”

“…Молекула PDGF существует в виде нескольких димеров, ранее было выявлено, что димер PDGF-BB может быть использован в качестве биомаркера для диагностики ИБС [24]. Был (2018) использован метод КР-спектроскопии для сравнения образцов мочи пациентов с ИБС с образцами мочи здоровых добровольцев [24]. Авторам удалось идентифицировать в моче у ряда пациентов с ИБС характерный пик (1509 см -1 ), соответствующий присутствию PDGF-BB.…”

In Vitro and In Vivo SERS Biosensing for Disease Diagnosis

“…Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitotic factor that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) and exists as a series of dimers, of which the PDGF-BB dimer has been demonstrated to act as a biomarker for CHD [ 80 ]. Using Ag colloids and urine samples from 87 CHD patients both with and without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 20 healthy human urine samples, Yang et al were able to directly identify a characteristic peak (1509 cm −1 ) corresponding to the presence of PDGF-BB, and using PCA-LDA, constructed a model for diagnosis that had 87.9% sensitivity and 87.0% specificity using the PDGF-BB peak, showing the great potential of SERS as a diagnostic clinical technique for CHD.…”

Rapid and label‐free identification of different cancer types based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering profiles and multivariate statistical analysis

“…In view of these advantages, the label-free SERS approach has taken a central seat in screening and predicting the risk of human diseases, such as human cancers Wang et al, 17 infectious disease, 18 and cardiovascular disease. 19 In this study, AuNPs are used as the enhanced substrate to magnify the Raman signals of living cells largely because of their high sensitivity, good biocompatibility, and ease of use. It has been reported that different sizes and concentrations of AuNPs can cause some degree of toxic effects in living cells.…”