Noninvasive Analysis Using Data‐Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry: New Epidermal Proteins That Reveal Sex Differences in the Aging Process

Abstract

The development of mass spectrometry has provided a method with extremely high sensitivity and selectivity that can be used to identify protein biomarkers. Epidermal proteins, lipids, and cornified envelopes are involved in the formation of the skin epidermal barrier. The epidermal protein composition changes with age. Therefore, quantitative proteomic changes may be indicative of skin aging. We sought to utilize data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry for noninvasive analysis of epidermal proteins in healthy Chinese individuals of different age groups and sexes. In our study, we completed high-throughput protein detection, analyzed protein differences with MaxQuant software, and performed statistical analyses of the proteome. We obtained interesting findings regarding ceruloplasmin (CP), which exhibited significant differences and is involved in ferroptosis, a signaling pathway significantly associated with aging. There were also several proteins that differed between sexes in the younger group, but the sex differences disappeared with aging. These proteins, which were associated with both aging processes and sex differences, are involved in signaling pathways such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, and genomic stability and can serve as candidate biomarkers for sex differences during aging. Our approach for noninvasive detection of epidermal proteins and its application to accurately quantify protein expression can provide ideas for future epidermal proteomics studies.