Nonhuman primate bites

Abstract

Nonhuman primate (monkey) bites to researchers and attending animal care staff may present problems in patient management. Such inoculations can transmit serious bacterial and viral infections to the human handlers. Significant local and systemic manifestations can subsequently develop following such an injury. Since Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) is enzootic in Asiatic monkeys of the genus Macaca, and since B virus infection in humans is usually fatal, additional prophylactic and therapeutic measures must be taken when persons are bitten by macaque monkeys. Primate bites require early aggressive intervention.

Review article: Animal bites: An update for management with a focus on infections

“…Edwardsiella tarda Human [28][29][30] Viridans streptococci Group A streptococci Anaerobes Eikenella Hepatitis B, C, HIV Monkeys [31][32][33][34][35] Mixed aerobes and anaerobes See Mycoplasma spp. Doxycycline is of particular importance on the hand where joint penetration can easily be missed by clinicians.…”

“…51 Several recent reviews indicate that severe lacerations, wound infections and permanent sequalae (flexure contractures, osteomyelitis) were present in 33% of cases. 31,32 Rabies can be transmitted from monkey bites, and prophylaxis should be offered for patients returning from a rabies-endemic area. Unless it can be reliably ascertained that the animal has remained healthy >10 days after exposure, post-exposure treatment should be administered, even if there has been a considerable delay in reporting the incident.…”

Sequence divergence in two tandemly located pilin genes of Eikenella corrodens

“…In many cases, E. corrodens is found in coinfections with other organisms, such as Streptococcus viridans and anaerobes (44). It has been found as a sole isolate in blood, spinal and joint fluid, in cases of frontal sinusitis and orbital cellulitis, and in brain, abdominal, and neck abscesses as well as ascites (17,18,44).…”

Eyelid Avulsion from Monkey Bite

“…While other mammalian bites such as dog, cat and human bites are more widely described and known to be a serious public health problem worldwide [3,5], monkey bite injuries are rare especially in developed nations, and have been discussed to a relatively narrow extent in our region. Such inoculations can transmit serious bacterial and viral infections to humans, with significant local and systemic manifestations [17].…”

“…Herpesvirus simiae or B-virus is also highly prevalent in adult Macaque monkeys, with between 73% and 100% of Macaques exhibiting antibodies to the B virus by age 2-3 years [9,19]. Reviews of monkey bite injuries worldwide indicate that severe lacerations, wound infections, and permanent sequelae (e.g., flexure contractures, osteomyelitis, encephalitis) were present in 33% of cases [17,18]. Left untreated, this virus has a greater than 70% mortality in humans [9,20].…”