Nonfatal Rabies in an Enzootic Area: Results of a Survey and Evaluation of Techniques1

Bell, Jessica K.; Sancho, Maribel Iglesias; Diaz, Ana María; Moore, G. J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121384

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Background RVNA is likely related in part to naturally acquired immunity from sublethal exposures (Bell et al 1972;Botros et al 1979) to raccoon rabies virus (Fig. 2) or bat rabies virus variants enzootic in the study area (Blanton et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Slate

Chipman

Algeo

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural West Virginia, USA to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (AdRG1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait; ONRAB) in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). We selected ONRAB for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, Raboral V-RGH, in US-Canada border studies. Raccoon rabies was enzootic and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) had never been used in the study area. We distributed 79,027 ONRAB baits at 75 baits/km 2 mostly by fixed-wing aircraft along parallel flight lines at 750-m intervals. Antibody prevalence was significantly higher at 49.2% (n5262) in raccoons after ONRAB was distributed than the 9.6% (n5395) before ORV. This was the highest antibody prevalence observed in raccoons by US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services for areas with similar management histories evaluated before and after an initial ORV campaign at 75 baits/km 2 with Raboral V-RG. Tetracycline biomarker (TTCC) was significantly higher among antibodypositive raccoons after ONRAB baiting and was similar among raccoons before ORV had been conducted, an indication of vaccine-induced rabies virus-neutralizing antibody production following consumption of bait containing TTCC. Skunk sample size was inadequate to assess ONRAB effects. Safety and immunogenicity results supported replication of this field trial and led to a recommendation for expanded field trials in 2012 to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of ground-distributed ONRAB at 150 baits/km 2 in residential and commercial habitats in Ohio, USA and aerially distributed ONRAB at 75 baits/km 2 in rural habitats along US-Quebec border.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Slate

Chipman

Algeo

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…We believe that this animal suffered from an unusual form of chronic rabies infection. Figure 2 illustrates the typical course of abortive rabies infection in a similarly inoculated dog (8). The graph, showing serum and CSF rabies neutralizing titers over a 3year period, is similar to that seen in several comparable animals.…”

Section: Inoculummentioning

confidence: 69%

“…l ) , as encountered in dogs that survived patent infection (see example, Fig. 2) (8). However, in the 16th week the titers were 1754 and 140, respectively, and in the 28th week were 2240 and 435.…”

Section: Inoculummentioning

confidence: 69%

Chronic Recrudescent Rabies in a Cat

Perl

Bell

Moore

et al. 1977

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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“…Bell et al (1986) observed that 'normal' survivors (without neurological sequelae) had serum neutralizing antibodies, but the 75% lacked high brain titres and 77% were susceptible to intracerebral challenge with fixed rabies virus. In contrast, survivors with neurological sequelae had serum and brain (83%) neutralizing Tillotson et al, 1977aand 197713 Johnson, 1948Constantine, 1966Bell et al. 1972Ark0 et al, 1973Fekadu & Baer, 1980Pawan, 1936Constantine, 1967Baer & Olson, 1972Bolin, 1959Ferris et al, 1968Kitselman, 1964Bell, 1964Lodmell et al, 1969Wiktor, Koprowski & Rorke, 1972Iwasaki, Gerhard & Clark, 1977Baer et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Death has been universal i n humans after the onset of symptoms and signs of rabies, with the exception of three patients who were immunized against rabies prior t o the onset of clinical disease (Hattwick et al, 1972;Porras et al, 1976;Tillotson, Axelrod & Lyman, 1977a, b). There have also been a number of reports of recovery from experimental rabies in natural vectors, including bats and dogs (Pawan, 1936;Johnson, 1948;Constantine, 1966Constantine, , 1967Bell et al, 1972; Arko, Schneider 8z Fekadu & Baer, 1980). Recovery from rabies, which has also been called abortive rabies (Bell, 1964(Bell, , 1966(Bell, , 1975, has been most carefully studied in the mouse model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Recovery From the Encephalomyelitis in Mice Caused by Street Rabies Virus

Jackson

Reimer

Ludwin

1989

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

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Recovery from rabies was studied in an experimental model. Young adult mice were inoculated in a hindlimb footpad with street rabies virus (fox salivary gland isolate). In a group of 62 mice, 97% developed clinical rabies with paresis of the extremities and spasticity, and 37% recovered with neurological sequelae. There was an acute inflammatory reaction in the brainstem and grey matter of the spinal cord, and degeneration of myelinated axons in the white matter of the cord and in the dorsal roots. Rabies virus antigen was found in the central nervous system of all mice examined between day 5 and 13, and also in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. Surviving mice had neutralizing antibodies in serum and brain tissue, and 90% survived an intracerebral challenge with the CVS strain of fixed rabies virus. Spontaneous recovery from rabies encephalomyelitis was demonstrated with evidence of viral replication and pathological changes in the central nervous system.

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Nonfatal Rabies in an Enzootic Area: Results of a Survey and Evaluation of Techniques1

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) IN THE FIRST US FIELD TRIAL IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Chronic Recrudescent Rabies in a Cat

Spontaneous Recovery From the Encephalomyelitis in Mice Caused by Street Rabies Virus

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