Nonessential fatty acids in formula fat blends influence essential fatty acid metabolism and composition in plasma and organ lipid classes in piglets

Wall, Katharine M.; Diersen-Schade, Deborah A.; Innis, Sheila M.

doi:10.1007/bf02537132

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…Recommendations on the intake of arachidonic acid have been made by the Agricultural Research Council (1981). It is apparent from studies involving a wide range of animals including the pig (Holman, 1960;Holman & Peifer, 1960;Tinoco et al 1977;Wall et al 1992) that a deficiency in a particular essential fatty acid can be accelerated by the presence of high levels of non-essential and/or other essential fatty acids or other lipids (e.g. saturated fatty acids, cholesterol).…”

Section: Quantification Of Pig Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparative roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pig neonatal development

Leskanich¹,

Noble²

1999

Br J Nutr

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The present review focuses on the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) provision for the normal development of the pig neonate. The review describes first the selected fatty acid composition of a range of porcine tissues including nervous tissues, muscle and adipose tissues, reproductive organs and immune-responsive organs and/or cells. The importance of PUFA to the functioning of the immune system of the neonate is considered briefly and is followed by an indepth consideration of the sources of PUFA for the neonatal pig. The effects of different categories or specific types of fatty acid (i.e. non-essential, linoleic, a-linolenic, long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA) on various indices of pig neonatal growth are reviewed. The importance of n-3 PUFA supply to the fetal and early neonatal pig is underlined and evidence is presented for more attention to be given to the amounts available from maternal sources. Based on the material reviewed, recommendations are made on the dietary intake of PUFA in the gestating pig. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Neonatal nutrition: Pig

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Section: Quantification Of Pig Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparative roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pig neonatal development

Leskanich¹,

Noble²

1999

Br J Nutr

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Dietary triacylglycerol structure and saturated fat alter plasma and tissue fatty acids in piglets

Innis

Dyer

Quinlan

et al. 1996

Lipids

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Human and pig milk triacylglycerols contain a large proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) which is predominately esterified in the 2-position. Other dietary fats contain variable amounts of 16:0, with unsaturated fatty acids predominantly esterified in the 2-position. These studies determined if the amount or position of 16:0 in dietary fat influences the composition or distribution of liver, adipose tissue, lung, or plasma fatty acids in developing piglets. Piglets were fed to 18 d with sow milk or formula with saturated fat from medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), coconut or palm oil, or synthesized triacylglycerols (synthesized to specifically direct 16:0 to the 2-position) with, in total fatty acids, 30.7, 4.3, 6.5, 27.0, and 29.6% 16:0, and in 2-position fatty acids, 55.3, 0.4, 1.3, 4.4, and 69.9% 16:0, respectively. The percentage of 16:0 in the 2-position of adipose fat from piglets fed sow milk, palm oil, and synthesized triacylglycerols were similar and higher than in piglets fed MCT or coconut oil. Thus, the amount, not the position, of dietary 16:0 determines piglet adipose tissue 16:0 content. The effects of the diets on the plasma and liver triacylglycerols were similar, with significantly lower 16:0 in total and 2-position fatty acids of the MCT and coconut oil groups, and significantly higher 16:0 in the plasma and liver triacylglycerol 2-position of piglets fed the synthesized triacylglycerols rather than sow milk or palm oil. The lung phospholipid total and 2-position 16:0 was significantly lower in the MCT, coconut, and palm oil groups, but similar in the synthesized triacylglycerol group and sow milk group. The lung phospholipid total and 2-position percentage of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was significantly lower in all of the formula-fed piglets than in milk-fed piglets. The physiological significance of this is not known.

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Blood lipid docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in term gestation infants fed formulas with high docosahexaenoic acid, low eicosapentaenoic acid fish oil

Innis

Auestad

Siegman

1996

Lipids

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The effect of fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and low in eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) in formula on blood lipids and growth of full-term infants was studied. Infants were fed formula with about 15% oleic acid (18:1), 32% linoleic acid (18:2n-6), 4.9% linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and 0, 0.10, or 0.22% 22:6n-3, or 35% 18:1, 20% 18:2n-6, 2.1% 18:3n-3 and 0, 0.11, or 0.24% 22:6n-3 from 3 d to 16 wk of age (n = 16,18,17,21,17,16, respectively). The formulae had < 0.1% 20:5n-3 and no arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Breast-fed infants (n = 26) were also studied. Plasma phospholipid and red blood cell (RBC) phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fatty acids were determined at 3 d and 4, 8, and 16 wk of age. These longitudinal analyses showed differences in blood lipid 22:6n-3 between breast-fed and formula-fed infants depending on the feeding duration. At 16 wk, infants fed formula with 0.10, 0.11% 22:6n-3, or 0.22% 22:6n-3 had similar 22:6n-3 levels in the plasma phospholipid and RBC PC and PE compared with breast-fed infants, and higher 22:6n-3 than infants fed formula without 22:6n-3. Formula with 0.24% 22:6n-3, however, resulted in higher plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3 than in breast-fed infants at 16, but not 4 or 8 wk of age. Plasma and RBC phospholipid 20:4n-6 was lower in formula-fed than breast-fed infants, but no differences in growth were found. Higher blood lipid C20 and C22 n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in infants fed formula with 20% 18:2n-6 and 2.4% 18:3n-3 compared with 32% 18:2n-6 and 4.9% 18:3n-3 show the increase in blood lipid 22:6n-3 in response to dietary 22:6n-3 depending on other fatty acids in the formula.

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Nonessential fatty acids in formula fat blends influence essential fatty acid metabolism and composition in plasma and organ lipid classes in piglets

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

The comparative roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pig neonatal development

The comparative roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pig neonatal development

Dietary triacylglycerol structure and saturated fat alter plasma and tissue fatty acids in piglets

Blood lipid docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in term gestation infants fed formulas with high docosahexaenoic acid, low eicosapentaenoic acid fish oil

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