Nonenzymatic β-Carotene Degradation in Provitamin A-Biofortified Crop Plants

Schaub, Patrick; Wüst, Florian; Koschmieder, Julian; Yu, Qiuju; Virk, P. S.; Tohme, Joseph M.; Beyer, Peter

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01693

Cited by 64 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…Carotenoid accumulation depends on the regulation of key enzymes like phytoene synthase (PSY) for synthesis, chaperones like OR that stabilizes PSY improving carotenoid storage, and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCDs) involved in carotenoid degradation (L. Li, Yuan, Zeng, & Xu, 2016; Sun et al, 2018). Thus, modifying the plant carotenogenic pathway results in different carotenoid content and stability depending on the plastidial accumulating capability (Li et al, 2012; Schaub et al, 2017). Therefore, plants with lower carotenoid content in sink organs may produce higher increases when the isoprenoid pathway is modified by overexpression of carotenogenic genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting carotenoid content inMalus domesticavar. Fuji by expressingAtDXRthrough anAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation method

Arcos

Godoy

Flores-Ortiz

et al. 2020

Biotech & Bioengineering

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Apple (Malus domestica) fruits accumulate negligible levels of carotenoids, antioxidant pigments that are precursors for vitamin A in humans. As vitamin A deficiency is an important public health issue, we aimed at increasing carotenoids in apple by constitutively expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana DXR gene, one of the key regulatory steps in the plastidial isoprenoid pathway. For this purpose, we optimized an Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation method in the commercial Fuji Raku Raku variety. This resulted in a shoot establishment efficiency of 0.75% at 20 weeks after infection. Molecular and microscopical analyses revealed that 80% of the hygromycin resistant shoots contained and expressed AtDXR:eGFP and that the AtDXR:eGFP fusion protein located in plastids. Transgenic seedlings displayed up to 3‐fold increase in total carotenoids and in individual carotenoids compared to the WT, correlating with an increased transcript abundance of endogenous carotenogenic genes such as MdDXS, MdPSY1, MdPSY2, MdPSY3, MdLCYB1, and MdLCYB2. In addition, buds of 2‐year‐old transgenic dormant trees showed an increment up to 3‐fold in lutein, and transient transformation of fruits revealed that AtDXR induced a 2‐fold increment in total carotenoids. Thus, these results suggest that DXR may be a good candidate for increasing carotenoid levels in apple fruits through metabolic engineering.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting carotenoid content inMalus domesticavar. Fuji by expressingAtDXRthrough anAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation method

Arcos

Godoy

Flores-Ortiz

et al. 2020

Biotech & Bioengineering

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“…Saffron has been used as colorant in foods since antiquity . Studies have also revealed the presence of other apocarotenoids in foods (including green leafy vegetables, non‐green vegetables, cereal grains, fruits, and soft drinks) although in concentrations markedly lower than those of the parent carotenoids from which they are derived . For example, apo‐6′‐, apo‐8′‐, apo‐10′‐, apo‐12′‐, and apo‐14′‐lycopenals have been detected in tomato, red grapefruit, and watermelon product, typically at concentrations ≈1000 times lower relative to lycopene .…”

Section: Importance Of Carotenoids In Agro‐food Health and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, apo‐6′‐, apo‐8′‐, apo‐10′‐, apo‐12′‐, and apo‐14′‐lycopenals have been detected in tomato, red grapefruit, and watermelon product, typically at concentrations ≈1000 times lower relative to lycopene . These apocarotenoids may be formed by either enymatic cleavage and nonenzymatically …”

Section: Importance Of Carotenoids In Agro‐food Health and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[50] Studies have also revealed the presence of other apocarotenoids in foods (including green leafy vegetables, non-green vegetables, cereal grains, fruits, and soft drinks) although in concentrations markedly lower than those of the parent carotenoids from which they are derived. [51,52] For example, apo-6 -, apo-8 -, apo-10 -, apo-12 -, and apo-14 -lycopenals have been detected in tomato, red grapefruit, and watermelon product, typically at Table 1. Sources of the main carotenoids found in humans [1,14,17,36,[39][40][41] and daily intakes ranges found in the literature as adapted from refs.…”

Section: Main Dietary Carotenoids and Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Carotenoids, Apocarotenoids, and Vitamin A in Agro‐Food, Nutrition, Health, and Disease

Meléndez-Martínez

2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

179

126

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Carotenoids are fascinating compounds that can be converted into many others, including retinoids that also play key roles in many processes. Although carotenoids are largely known in the context of food science, nutrition, and health as natural colorants and precursors of vitamin A (VA), evidence has accumulated that even those that cannot be converted to VA may be involved in health‐promoting biological actions. It is not surprising that carotenoids (most notably lutein) are among the bioactives for which the need to establish recommended dietary intakes have been recently discussed. In this review, the importance of carotenoids (including apocarotenoids) and key derivatives (retinoids with VA activity) in agro‐food with relevance to health is summarized. Furthermore, the European Network to Advance Carotenoid Research and Applications in Agro‐Food and Health (EUROCAROTEN) is introduced. EUROCAROTEN originated from the Ibero‐American Network for the Study of Carotenoids as Functional Food Ingredients (IBERCAROT).

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“…can also cleave all-trans--apo-10'-carotenal into the ketone β-apo-13-carotenone (d'orenone), but with low activity (13). Non-enzymatic cleavage, which occurs at each double bond in the carotenoid backbone, is another important route for apocarotenoid formation (14). This process is triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can also yield signaling molecules, such as the plant stress signal -cyclocitral, which is formed by singlet oxygen ( 1 O2) and mediates gene responses to this ROS (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchorene is an endogenous diapocarotenoid required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis

Jia

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Arabidopsis root development is predicted to be regulated by yet unidentified carotenoidderived metabolite(s). In this work, we screened known and putative carotenoid cleavage products and identified anchorene, a predicted carotenoid-derived dialdehyde (diapocarotenoid) that triggers anchor root development. Anchor roots are the least characterized type of root in Arabidopsis. They form at the root-shoot junction, particularly upon damage to the root apical meristem. Using Arabidopsis reporter lines, mutants and chemical inhibitors, we show that anchor roots originate from pericycle cells and that the development of this root type is auxindependent and requires carotenoid biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis and treatment of auxinreporter lines indicate that anchorene triggers anchor root development by modulating auxin homeostasis. Exogenous application of anchorene restored anchor root development in carotenoid-deficient plants, indicating that this compound is the carotenoid-derived signal required for anchor root development. Chemical modifications of anchorene led to a loss of anchor root promoting activity, suggesting that this compound is highly specific. Furthermore, we demonstrate by LC-MS analysis that anchorene is a natural, endogenous Arabidopsis metabolite. Taken together, our work reveals a new member of the family of carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolites and hormones. SignificanceUnknown carotenoid-derived compounds are predicted to regulate different aspects of plant development. Here, we characterize the development of anchor roots, the least characterized root type in Arabidopsis, and show that this process depends on auxin and requires a carotenoid-derived metabolite. We identified a presumed carotenoid-derivative, anchorene, as the likely, specific signal involved in anchor root formation. We further show that anchorene is a natural metabolite that occurs in Arabidopsis. Based on the analysis of auxin reporter lines and transcriptome data, we provide evidence that anchorene triggers the growth of anchor roots by modulating auxin homeostasis. Taken together, our work identifies a novel carotenoid-derived growth regulator with a specific developmental function.

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Nonenzymatic β-Carotene Degradation in Provitamin A-Biofortified Crop Plants

Cited by 64 publications

References 65 publications

Boosting carotenoid content inMalus domesticavar. Fuji by expressingAtDXRthrough anAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation method

Boosting carotenoid content inMalus domesticavar. Fuji by expressingAtDXRthrough anAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation method

An Overview of Carotenoids, Apocarotenoids, and Vitamin A in Agro‐Food, Nutrition, Health, and Disease

Anchorene is an endogenous diapocarotenoid required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis

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