Nonenteric Lesions of Necrotic Enteritis in Commercial Chickens in California: 25 Cases (2009–2018)

Crispo, Manuela; Stoute, Simone; Uzal, Francisco A.; Bickford, A. A.; Shivaprasad, H. L.

doi:10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00129

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In a retrospective analysis of these six studies, they found that cecal C. perfringens counts increased significantly with increasing severity of GEU in birds without NE, that GEU appeared to precede NE, that NE could occur in birds without GEU, and that the presence of GEU did not affect the likelihood of concurrent NE in the same bird. Crispo et al (23) observed mild to severe GEU in cases of spontaneous NE examined in the California diagnostic laboratory system. Large, gram-positive rods were noted within the necrotic debris in 2 of the 16 cases with GEU, and both were immunohistochemistry positive for C. perfringens .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers

Jones,

Hofacre,

Hoerr

et al. 2023

Avian Diseases

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During a series of pathology surveys in four production complexes of a U.S. broiler integrator, the technical services veterinarians of an animal health company noted a high incidence of severe gizzard erosions and ulcerations (GEU), prompting further clinical investigation and a battery trial. No growth-promoting antibiotics or ionophore coccidiostats were used during the period of these surveys. All used tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) at 120 ppm added copper in broiler rations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 83% and 67% of gizzard lesions cultured in two complexes, and cecal C. perfringens most probable number determinations were higher in severely affected than in mildly affected or unaffected birds. Histopathology revealed both acellular koilin fusion defects characteristic of copper toxicity, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrates. Intralesional bacilli suggestive of C. perfringens were noted in 78% of affected flocks examined. Species E Aviadenovirus was isolated from one bird in one complex, and that bird had a single intranuclear inclusion body; no other flocks had Adenoviruses isolated or detected on PCR, nor any inclusion bodies. Other viruses detected were thought to be incidental. A pilot study using feed with supplemental copper from TBCC or copper sulfate and challenge with one of the isolated C. perfringens strains reproduced the lesions. A battery study was conducted with an unchallenged negative control group fed a diet with 16 ppm added copper, a group fed the control diet and orally challenged with 10 8 organisms of a field strain of C. perfringens at 21 and 22 days, and a group treated with the same diet containing 250 ppm added copper from TBCC and orally challenged with C. perfringens. Birds were necropsied at 23 and 28 days. All challenged groups developed lesions, with those receiving both TBCC and C. perfringens having significantly higher gross and histopathological lesion scores than the unchallenged negative controls. Lesions were qualitatively similar to those in the field and contained suspected C. perfringens bacilli. Because the levels of TBCC used in the commercial birds and in the battery trial generally have been considered safe, and because C. perfringens is usually regarded as a pathogen of the lower GI tract, the possible association of these two agents with GEU is a novel observation and warrants further investigation. mente se considera un patógeno del tracto gastrointestinal inferior, la posible asociación de estos dos agentes con erosiones y ulceraciones severas de la molleja es una observación reciente y justifica una mayor investigación.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers

Jones,

Hofacre,

Hoerr

et al. 2023

Avian Diseases

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“…The new toxigenic classification of CP is based on the toxin production and the pathological condition, thus the type G group, producer of α and NetB toxins, is responsible for NE [ 7 , 8 ]. NE can have clinical or subclinical manifestations, however, there is a predominance of subclinical conditions, reducing zootechnical performance in poultry [ 9 ] and increased condemnation for cholangiohepatitis [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens

Justino

Baptista

Souza

et al. 2022

Animals

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Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of NE, a disease that greatly affects the poultry industry. Experiments on the induction of NE are difficult to carry out, as it is a multifactorial disease, and thus different predisposing factors have been used. This study evaluated the effect of the Gumboro disease vaccine virus vaccine (IBDV-vac) associated or not with infection by Eimeria spp. in broilers, as a predisposing factor for NE. Broilers (n = 99) were divided into groups (11) challenged with IBDV-vac, Eimeria spp. CP type G (CP13, CP14 and CP03) or both. The macroscopic evaluation revealed that the highest average (3.45) of injury occurred for the CP13 + IBDV-vac group. The microscopic analysis showed that Eimeria spp. increased the population of intraepithelial lymphocytes and reduced the villus/crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum when associated with CP13 or CP14. There was a synergistic effect between the CP strain used and the predisposing factors; nevertheless, it was not clear which was the most effective predisposing factor to potentiate the lesions, suggesting that the association of the strain with the factors should first be evaluated for each experimental protocol.

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“…Necrotic enteritis (NE) continues to be a serious health problem for the commercial chicken and turkey industry globally, resulting in economic losses as a result of elevated mortality levels, poor feed conversion, decreased weight gain, and treatment costs. 3,6,19 The etiologic agent of NE is Clostridium perfringens , a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that is ubiquitous in the poultry house environment and a common commensal of the avian gastrointestinal tract. 14,22 Transmission and spread of the bacterium is via the fecal–oral route, contaminated fomites, and mechanical vectors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Necrotic enteritis in a commercial turkey flock coinfected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus

et al. 2023

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Four turkeys from a commercial flock with acutely elevated mortality levels were submitted for postmortem examination and diagnostic workup. No clinical signs had been observed before death. On gross examination, hemorrhage and necrosis were present throughout the intestinal tracts, and the spleens were markedly enlarged and speckled. Microscopically, numerous, large basophilic-to-amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in mononuclear cells of the spleen and the lamina propria of the small intestine. In addition, there were lesions of diffuse villus blunting and necrosis of the small intestine, with large numbers of rod-shaped bacteria adhered to the epithelium and in the intestinal lumen. Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) infection was confirmed via PCR on the spleen. Clostridium perfringens was demonstrated in the small intestine by anaerobic culture and immunohistochemistry. The C. perfringens isolate was type F by PCR and, to our knowledge, necrotic enteritis in turkeys has not been described in association with C. perfringens type F infection.

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Nonenteric Lesions of Necrotic Enteritis in Commercial Chickens in California: 25 Cases (2009–2018)

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers

Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers

Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens

Necrotic enteritis in a commercial turkey flock coinfected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus

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