Noncontact Sleeping Heartrate Monitoring Method Using Continuous-Wave Doppler Radar Based on the Difference Quadratic Sum Demodulation and Search Algorithm

Abstract

Continuous-wave doppler radar, which has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, and low power consumption, has attracted extensive attention in the detection of human vital signs. However, while respiration and heartbeat signals are mixed in the echo phase, the amplitude difference between the two signals is so large that it becomes difficult to measure the heartrate (HR) from the interference of respiration stably and accurately. In this paper, the difference quadratic sum demodulation method is proposed. According to the mixed characteristics of respiration and heartbeat after demodulation, the heartbeat features can be extracted with the help of the easy-to-detect breathing signal; combined with the constrained nearest neighbor search algorithm, it can realize sleeping HR monitoring overnight without body movements restraint. Considering the differences in vital-sign characteristics of different individuals and the irregularity of sleep movements, 54 h of sleep data for nine nights were collected from three subjects, and then compared with ECG-based HR reference equipment. After excluding the periods of body turning over, the HR error was within 10% for more than 70% of the time. Experiments confirmed that this method, as a tool for long-term HR monitoring, can play an important role in sleeping monitoring, smart elderly care, and smart homes.

Systematic Literature Review Regarding Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Measurement by Means of Radar Technology

“…This corresponds to half of all studies (48%). In 34 experiments, the maximum deviation indicated was <10% [10,14,15,19,20,26,30,36,43,[46][47][48]54,[60][61][62][63][64]73,74,77,79,[95][96][97]102,105,107,108,111,[117][118][119][120]. This corresponds to 87% of the studies.…”

“…The test persons' positions relative to the radar were as follows: lying in 36 studies [2,3,5,13,17,23,28,29,[31][32][33][34]44,45,50,51,53,55,58,62,77,82,84,88,91,93,94,99,[104][105][106][107]110,112,114,120]; sitting in 60 studies [3,10,11,14-17,19,20,22,24,25,31,36,40,42,46-49,52-54,56,58-61,63,65,66,68-76, 78-80,83,85,86,88,89,96,97,100-103,109-111,113,117,118]; standing in 14 studies [3,21,26,27,39,57,72,76,81,87,110,113,…”

“…The frequency most frequently selected was 24 GHz. It was used in 29 studies [2,3,12,14,17,18,21,23,28,33,36,40,42,44,62,64,66,70,71,82,84,96,98,[100][101][102]105,106,120]. In 16 studies, several radar frequencies or a frequency spectrum were used [2,5,10,12,32,33,39,51,53,71,75,87,92,104,105,108].…”

“…In 16 studies, the accuracy was indicated in percentage terms [14,19,30,43,47,57,61,74,77,81,86,90,105,107,108,115]. In 32 studies, the deviation was indicated as a percentage value [10,14,15,19,20,26,36,40,43,46,48,54,55,60,62,64,73,79,84,88,93,[95][96][97]100,102,111,[116][117][118][119][120]. The absolute deviation in beats per minute (bpm)/breaths per minute (bpm) was indicated in 24 studies [3,…”

“…Quantitative evaluations of the percentage deviation of the heart rate/the accuracy were available for 39 studies [10,14,15,19,20,26,30,36,43,[46][47][48]54,57,[60][61][62][63][64]73,74,77,79,81,[95][96][97]100,102,105,107,108,111,[115][116][117][118][119][120]. In three of the measurements, the maximum deviation of the heart rate was ≤1% [14,108,118].…”