Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of a Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor I Kinase Inhibitor in Fischer 344 Rats and Beagle Dogs

Credill, Anja J Stauber Kelly M

doi:10.4172/2161-0495.196

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Galunisertib was not associated with bone marrow side effects in preclinical toxicology studies evaluating galunisertib in human bone marrow assays or in other combination studies with chemotherapeutic agents [14]. In addition, because cardiovascular toxicities are associated with small molecule inhibitors of TGF-β signaling in preclinical toxicology studies [21], cardiac toxicity was monitored in all patients. Galunisertib treatment did not show any clinically significant cardiac safety concerns, which are consistent with previous reports for a TGF-β small molecule inhibitor [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase 1b/2a study of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma

et al. 2020

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Purpose Galunisertib, a TGF-β inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor effects in preclinical and radiographic responses in some patients with malignant glioma. This Phase 1b/2a trial investigated the clinical benefit of combining galunisertib with temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy (TMZ/RTX) in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma (NCT01220271). Methods This is an open-label, 2-arm Phase 1b/2a study (N = 56) of galunisertib (intermittent dosing: 14 days on/14 days off per cycle of 28 days) in combination with TMZ/RTX (n = 40), versus a control arm (TMZ/RTX, n = 16). The primary objective of Phase 1b was to determine the safe and tolerable Phase 2 dose of galunisertib. The primary objective of Phase 2a was to confirm the tolerability and pharmacodynamic profile of galunisertib with TMZ/RTX, and the secondary objectives included determining the efficacy and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of galunisertib with TMZ/RTX in patients with glioblastoma. This study also characterized the changes in the major T-cell subsets during TMZ/RTX plus galunisertib treatment. Results In the Phase 2a study, efficacy results for patients treated with galunisertib plus TMZ/RTX or TMZ/RTX were: median overall survival (18.2 vs 17.9 months), median progression-free survival (7.6 vs 11.5 months), and disease control rate (80% [32/40] vs 56% [9/16] patients) respectively. PK profile of galunisertib plus TMZ/RTX regimen was consistent with previously published PK data of galunisertib. The overall safety profile across treatment arms was comparable. Conclusion No differences in efficacy, safety or pharmacokinetic variables were observed between the two treatment arms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase 1b/2a study of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma

et al. 2020

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“…These included vascular and cardiac valvular inflammation, systemic bleeding, bone dysplasia and increased mortality 53 . Studies employing targeted inhibition via small molecular inhibitors against TGF-β receptor 1 also reported similar cardiac and haemorrhagic complications 54 , 55 . Due to these challenges, there has yet to be an anti-TGF-β therapy that has successfully found the balance between achieving an adequate anti-fibrotic response whilst avoiding serious cardiovascular side effects, despite candidate drugs such as galunisertib showing initial promise in cancer trials 56 , 57 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Chronic activation of human cardiac fibroblasts in vitro attenuates the reversibility of the myofibroblast phenotype

Hall

Law

Reyat

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Activation of cardiac fibroblasts and differentiation to myofibroblasts underlies development of pathological cardiac fibrosis, leading to arrhythmias and heart failure. Myofibroblasts are characterised by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) fibre expression, secretion of collagens and changes in proliferation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and increased mechanical stress can initiate myofibroblast activation. Reversibility of the myofibroblast phenotype has been observed in murine cells but has not been explored in human cardiac fibroblasts. In this study, chronically activated adult primary human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts and human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cFbs (hiPSC-cFbs) were used to investigate the potential for reversal of the myofibroblast phenotype using either subculture on soft substrates or TGF-β receptor inhibition. Culture on softer plates (25 or 2 kPa Young’s modulus) did not alter proliferation or reduce expression of α-SMA and collagen 1. Similarly, culture of myofibroblasts in the presence of TGF-β inhibitor did not reverse myofibroblasts back to a quiescent phenotype. Chronically activated hiPSC-cFbs also showed attenuated response to TGF-β receptor inhibition and inability to reverse to quiescent fibroblast phenotype. Our data demonstrate substantial loss of TGF-β signalling plasticity as well as a loss of feedback from the surrounding mechanical environment in chronically activated human myofibroblasts.

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“…The study did not have a fixed treatment duration, and patients received combination treatment in 28-day cycles until disease progression, intolerable toxicity or withdrawal of consent. Based on the results of a preclinical dosing schedule investigation that evaluated toxicity using animal models [ 27 ], each patient took galunisertib on an intermittent dosing strategy of a 14 days on/14 days off dosing schedule for all phases of the trial.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A phase Ib/II study of galunisertib in combination with nivolumab in solid tumors and non-small cell lung cancer

et al. 2023

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Background In this phase Ib/II open-label study, tumor immune suppression was targeted in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors and patients with recurrent/refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using galunisertib with nivolumab. Methods Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years old, had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 1, and were treatment-naive for anti-programmed cell death-1, its ligand, or transforming growth factor β receptor 1 kinase inhibitors. Phase Ib was an open-label, dose-escalation assessment of the safety and tolerability of galunisertib with nivolumab in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Phase II evaluated the safety of galunisertib with nivolumab in NSCLC patients who had received prior platinum-based treatment but were immuno-oncology agent-naive. Results This trial was conducted between October 2015 and August 2020. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in phase I. In the phase II NSCLC cohort (n = 25), patients received 150 mg twice daily galunisertib (14 days on/14 days off dosing schedule for all phases) plus nivolumab at 3 mg/kg (intravenously every 2 weeks). In this phase, the most frequent treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were pruritus (n = 9, 36%), fatigue (n = 8, 32%), and decreased appetite (n = 7, 28%). No grade 4 or 5 treatment-related AEs were observed. Six (24%) patients had confirmed partial response (PR) and 4 (16%) had stable disease; 1 additional patient had confirmed PR after initial pseudo-progression. The median duration of response was 7.43 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.75, NR). Among the 7 responders, including the delayed responder, 1 had high PD-L1 expression (≥ 50%). The median progression-free survival was 5.26 months (95% CI: 1.77, 9.20) and the median overall survival was 11.99 months (95% CI: 8.15, NR). Interferon gamma response genes were induced post-treatment and cell adhesion genes were repressed, although the association of these observations with tumor response and clinical outcomes was not statistically powered due to limited samples available. Conclusions The study met its primary endpoint as galunisertib combined with nivolumab was well tolerated. Preliminary efficacy was observed in a subset of patients in the Phase 2 NSCLC cohort. Trial registration Trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02423343; 22.04.2015).

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Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of a Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor I Kinase Inhibitor in Fischer 344 Rats and Beagle Dogs

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Phase 1b/2a study of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma

Phase 1b/2a study of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I, in combination with standard temozolomide-based radiochemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma

Chronic activation of human cardiac fibroblasts in vitro attenuates the reversibility of the myofibroblast phenotype

A phase Ib/II study of galunisertib in combination with nivolumab in solid tumors and non-small cell lung cancer

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