Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in
            <i>Humulus lupulus</i>
            are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis

Ban, Zhaonan; Qin, Hao; Mitchell, Andrew J.; Liu, Baoxiu; Zhang, Fengxia; Weng, Jing-Ke; Dixon, Richard A.; Wang, Guodong

doi:10.1073/pnas.1802223115

Cited by 77 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…5 and 6). A previous study demonstrated that CHIL activates the CHS-mediated production of THC 19 , but we showed that it only weakly induces the PKScatalyzed production of polyketides (THC, CTAL, and BNY). Thus, in essence, CHIL is considered to be a rectifier-rather than an activator-of promiscuous CHS catalysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…The cDNAs encoding flavonoid enzymes of snapdragon, torenia, and soybean [i.e., CHS, chalcone reductase (CHR, soybean), CHI, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (HID, soybean), FNSII (snapdragon and torenia), IFS (soybean), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H, snapdragon), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR, snapdragon)] were obtained as previously described [8][9][10] . The CHIL cDNAs of snapdragon 32 , torenia 16 , soybean 8,10 , A. thaliana 18 , rice (Oryza sativa, OsCHIL-A and OsCHIL-B) 19 , and morning glory 16 were obtained as described in the listed references.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the CHIL-mediated enhancement of flavonoid production appears to occur in many plant species 16 , the underlying mechanism remains to be clarified. Recent studies indicated that CHIL interacts with CHI 18 and CHS 19 and may serve as an activator of these enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana 18 and some other plant species 19 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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A conserved strategy of chalcone isomerase-like protein to rectify promiscuous chalcone synthase specificity

et al. 2020

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Land plants produce diverse flavonoids for growth, survival, and reproduction. Chalcone synthase is the first committed enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the production of 2′,4,4′,6′-tetrahydroxychalcone (THC). However, it also produces other polyketides, including p-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL), because of the derailment of the chalcone-producing pathway. This promiscuity of CHS catalysis adversely affects the efficiency of flavonoid biosynthesis, although it is also believed to have led to the evolution of stilbene synthase and p-coumaroyltriacetic acid synthase. In this study, we establish that chalcone isomerase-like proteins (CHILs), which are encoded by genes that are ubiquitous in land plant genomes, bind to CHS to enhance THC production and decrease CTAL formation, thereby rectifying the promiscuous CHS catalysis. This CHIL function has been confirmed in diverse land plant species, and represents a conserved strategy facilitating the efficient influx of substrates from the phenylpropanoid pathway to the flavonoid pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A conserved strategy of chalcone isomerase-like protein to rectify promiscuous chalcone synthase specificity

et al. 2020

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“…This was tested by analysis of Marchantia plants with knockout mutations of the chil gene (9). CHIL function is unresolved, but mutant studies in Arabidopsis and Ipomoea nil show that it is generally required for efficient function of the early steps of the flavonoid pathway (37,38) and may noncatalytically enhance chalcone formation and downstream conversion (39). The Mpchil lines had reduced content of both flavones and auronidin (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auronidins are a previously unreported class of flavonoid pigments that challenges when anthocyanin biosynthesis evolved in plants

Berland

Albert

Stavland

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Anthocyanins are key pigments of plants, providing color to flowers, fruit, and foliage and helping to counter the harmful effects of environmental stresses. It is generally assumed that anthocyanin biosynthesis arose during the evolutionary transition of plants from aquatic to land environments. Liverworts, which may be the closest living relatives to the first land plants, have been reported to produce red cell wall-bound riccionidin pigments in response to stresses such as UV-B light, drought, and nutrient deprivation, and these have been proposed to correspond to the first anthocyanidins present in early land plant ancestors. Taking advantage of the liverwort model species Marchantia polymorpha, we show that the red pigments of Marchantia are formed by a phenylpropanoid biosynthetic branch distinct from that leading to anthocyanins. They constitute a previously unreported flavonoid class, for which we propose the name “auronidin,” with similar colors as anthocyanin but different chemistry, including strong fluorescence. Auronidins might contribute to the remarkable ability of liverworts to survive in extreme environments on land, and their discovery calls into question the possible pigment status of the first land plants.

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“…The mechanism of action of CHIL is unclear, and it may have differing activities across land plants, perhaps based on the promotion of activity of different biosynthetic enzymes through protein-protein interaction. In hop (Humulus lupulus), HlCHIL2 enhances the activities of CHS and an aromatic prenyltransferase (HlPT1L) through protein-protein interaction (Ban et al, 2018), and the promotion of flavonol and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is proposed to be through direct interaction of CHIL and CHI (Jiang et al, 2015). In Marchantia, CHIL may interact with CHS or more than one phenylpropanoid pathway enzyme, since the production of both flavones and auronidins in chil mutants is only about 10% of wild-type amounts .…”

Section: The Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic Pathway In Bryophytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective

et al. 2020

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The flavonoid pathway is one of the best characterized specialized metabolite pathways of plants. In angiosperms, the flavonoids have varied roles in assisting with tolerance to abiotic stress and are also key for signaling to pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The pathway is thought to be specific to land plants and to have arisen during the period of land colonization around 550-470 million years ago. In this review we consider current knowledge of the flavonoid pathway in the bryophytes, consisting of the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The pathway is less characterized for bryophytes than angiosperms, and the first genetic and molecular studies on bryophytes are finding both commonalities and significant differences in flavonoid biosynthesis and pathway regulation between angiosperms and bryophytes. This includes biosynthetic pathway branches specific to each plant group and the apparent complete absence of flavonoids from the hornworts.

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Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis

Cited by 77 publications

References 52 publications

A conserved strategy of chalcone isomerase-like protein to rectify promiscuous chalcone synthase specificity

A conserved strategy of chalcone isomerase-like protein to rectify promiscuous chalcone synthase specificity

Auronidins are a previously unreported class of flavonoid pigments that challenges when anthocyanin biosynthesis evolved in plants

The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective

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