Nonbelieved memories in the false memory archive.

Otgaar, Henry; Bücken, Charlotte; Bogaard, Glynis; Wade, Kimberley A.; Hopwood, Alasdair; Scoboria, Alan; Howe, Mark L.

doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.07.003

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Follow-up studies have shown similar results (Brédart & Bouffier, 2016; Vanootighem et al, 2019). For example, Otgaar et al (2020) examined the memory reports from the False Memory Archive, an art website collecting experiences of false memories from the general population (https://www.falsememoryarchive.com/), and found that a large proportion ( n = 208, 41.6%) of reports could be classified as NBMs (i.e., fitting in with the high recollection and low belief in occurrence pattern). More importantly, these NBM reports contained similar reasons for why belief was reduced as in previous studies.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Nbm and Reasons For Belief Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the associations between nonbelieved memories and memory distrust, self-esteem, and rumination.

Zhang¹,

Battista²,

Thissen³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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When beliefs in autobiographical memories are reduced while recollections remain relatively intact, a phenomenon termed nonbelieved memories (NBMs) unfolds. The current preregistered study (N = 104) used a 3-week longitudinal design to investigate the relationships between the frequency of recalled NBMs, memory distrust, rumination over autobiographical events, and self-esteem. Our analyses showed that memory distrust was a positive predictor for the initial recall of NBMs during the past 2 months at Time 1, but not for the follow-up recalls of NBMs during the past week at Times 2-4. Exploratory analyses showed that, at Time 1, self-esteem was negatively associated with the total number of NBMs. Furthermore, the tendency to report involuntary memories and rumination over memories was positively associated with the total number of NBMs. In addition, (in)voluntary autobiographical memory recall tendency was also a significant positive predictor for the total number of NBMs at Times 2-4. Our study is one of the first to show that NBMs might be uniquely tied to specific individual markers.

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Section: Prevalence Of Nbm and Reasons For Belief Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the associations between nonbelieved memories and memory distrust, self-esteem, and rumination.

Zhang¹,

Battista²,

Thissen³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nonbelieved memories (NBMs) are memories that were once believed to genuinely reflect past occurrences, but the rememberer decided to reduce or completely relinquish belief in occurrence for the event. Reduced belief in occurrence frequently emerges after obtaining some form of disconfirming information regarding the occurrence of the event in the memory (Otgaar et al, 2019; Scoboria, Mazzoni, & Boucher, 2017). Despite the reduction in belief in the event's occurrence, NBMs continue to be experienced as “memory‐like” and retain vivid recollective features, including visual and spatial detail, and are accompanied by autonoetic awareness and feelings associated with re‐experiencing the past (Mazzoni et al, 2010; Otgaar, Scoboria, & Mazzoni, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defending or relinquishing belief in occurrence for remembered events that are challenged: A social‐cognitive model

Scoboria

Henkel

2020

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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We describe a social-cognitive model explaining processing of cognitive dissonance resulting from being told by someone that a vividly remembered event did not actually occur. The model proposes that receiving challenges to one's recollection of events results in both intrapersonal and interpersonal cognitive dissonance. Rememberers process intrapersonal dissonance by weighing features of memory representations against the qualities of the feedback, and they process interpersonal elements by weighing the potential costs of agreeing or disagreeing with the challenger within the social dynamics of the relationship. To resolve the dissonance, people will either maintain or reduce belief in occurrence for the event, and will agree or disagree with the challenger. We explore factors that can influence dissonance and how they impact the rememberers' beliefs in occurrence of the event and their interaction with challengers in terms of defending or relinquishing their memory, and we discuss preliminary data confirming some of these factors. K E Y W O R D S autobiographical memory, cognitive dissonance and memory, disputed memories, memory and belief, nonbelieved memories, social influences on memory This article was submitted after Alan Scoboria passed away in April 2019. The model itself, the ideas, data collection and analyses, and initial draft were completed by him. Linda Henkel gave feedback on earlier drafts and concepts, and then she completed unfinished sections, created the graphic of the model, extended the literature review, and edited and finalized the manuscript, including responses to reviews. Thanks to Giuliana Mazzoni, Rob Nash, and Henry Otgaar for feedback and suggestions. May Alan's ideas continue to inform, intrigue, and inspire people for years to come.

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“…Highlights that particularly strike me include studies of "disowned" memories (essentially accurate memories that a person comes to believe are false) (Mazzoni, Scoboria, & Harvey, 2010). An analysis of nonbelieved autobiographical memories collected as part of an art project (Otgaar et al 2019;cf. Ost, 2017).…”

Section: Big Picturementioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary for special issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology in honor of Alan Scoboria

Lindsay

2020

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Nonbelieved memories in the false memory archive.

Abstract: We dedicate the current work to Alan Scoboria, a brilliant memory researcher and dear friend, who passed away too soon.

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Examining the associations between nonbelieved memories and memory distrust, self-esteem, and rumination.

Examining the associations between nonbelieved memories and memory distrust, self-esteem, and rumination.

Defending or relinquishing belief in occurrence for remembered events that are challenged: A social‐cognitive model

Commentary for special issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology in honor of Alan Scoboria

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