Non-volatile signals and redox mechanisms are required for the responses of Arabidopsis roots toPseudomonas oryzihabitans

Abstract

Soil bacteria promote plant growth and protect against environmental stresses but the mechanisms involved remain poorly characterised, particularly when there is no direct contact between the roots and bacteria. Here, we explored the effects of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans PGP01 on the root system architecture (RSA) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Significant increases in lateral root (LR) density were observed when seedlings were grown in the presence of P. oryzihabitans, as well as an increased abundance of transcripts associated with altered nutrient transport and phytohormone responses. However, no bacterial transcripts were detected on the root samples by RNAseq analysis, demonstrating that the bacteria do not colonise the roots. Separating the agar containing bacteria from the seedlings prevented the bacteria-induced changes in RSA. Bacteria-induced changes in RSA were absent from mutants defective in Ethylene Response Factor (ERF109), glutathione synthesis (pad2-1, cad2-1 and rax1-1) and in strigolactone (SL) synthesis (max3-9 and max4-1) or signalling (max2-3). However, the P. oryzihabitans-induced changes in RSA were similar in the low ascorbate mutants (vtc2-1, vtc2-2) to the wild type controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of non-volatile signals and redox mechanisms in the root architecture regulation that occurs following long-distance perception of P. oryzihabitans.