Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region

Guido, Mario E.; Marchese, Natalia Andrea; Rios, Maximiliano Nicolas; Morera, Luis Pedro; Díaz, Nicolás M.; Garbarino-Pico, Eduardo; Contín, María Ana

doi:10.1007/s10571-020-00997-x

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 258 publications

(406 reference statements)

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“…The S-cone influence on melanopic effects is not undisputed, however, as Spitschan et al [ 68 ] found no evidence for the influence in acute neuroendocrine and alerting responses. A more far-fetched, but possible, mechanism is the influence of other opsin types in the retina, such as neuropsin (Opn5), which have been found in the retina of vertebrates (for a review see Guido et al [ 69 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

2022

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Non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) and rods both exert a strong influence on the human pupil, yet pupil models regularly use cone-derived sensitivity as their basis. This inconsistency is further exacerbated by the fact that circadian effects can modulate the wavelength sensitivity. We assessed the pupillary reaction to narrowband light stimuli in the mesopic range. Pupil size for eighty-three healthy participants with normal color vision was measured in nine experimental protocols with varying series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli under Ganzfeld conditions, presented after 90 seconds of dark adaptation. One hundred and fifty series of stimulation were conducted across three experiments, and were analyzed for wavelength-dependency on the normalized pupillary constriction (nPC), conditional on experimental settings and individual traits. Traits were surveyed by questionnaire; color vision was tested by Ishihara plates or the Lanthony D15 test. Data were analyzed with generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The normalized pupillary constriction response is consistent with L+M-cone derived sensitivity when the series of light stimuli is continuous, i.e., is not interrupted by periods of darkness, but not otherwise. The results also show that a mesopic illuminance weighing led to an overall best prediction of pupillary constriction compared to other types of illuminance measures. IpRGC influence on nPC is not readily apparent from the results. When we explored the interaction of chronotype and time of day on the wavelength dependency, differences consistent with ipRGC influence became apparent. The models indicate that subjects of differing chronotype show a heightened or lowered sensitivity to short wavelengths, depending on their time of preference. IpRGC influence is also seen in the post-illumination pupil reflex if the prior light-stimulus duration is one second. However, shorter wavelengths than expected become more important if the light-stimulus duration is fifteen or thirty seconds. The influence of sex on nPC was present, but showed no interaction with wavelength. Our results help to define the conditions, under which the different wavelength sensitivities in the literature hold up for narrowband light settings. The chronotype effect might signify a mechanism for strengthening the individual´s chronotype. It could also be the result of the participant’s prior exposure to light (light history). Our explorative findings for this effect demand replication in a controlled study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

2022

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“…The S-cone influence on melanopic effects is not undisputed, however, as Spitschan et al (63) found no evidence for the influence in acute neuroendocrine and alerting responses. A more far-fetched, but possible, mechanism is the influence of other opsin types in the retina, such as neuropsin (Opn5), which have been found in the retina of vertebrates (for a review see Guido et al (64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Zauner

Plischke

Strasburger

2021

Preprint

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Non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) and rods both exert a strong influence on the human pupil, yet pupil models regularly use cone-derived sensitivity as their basis. This inconsistency is further exacerbated by the fact that circadian effects can modulate the wavelength sensitivity. We assessed the pupillary reaction to monochromatic light stimuli in the mesopic range. Pupil size for eighty-three healthy participants with normal color vision was measured in nine experimental protocols with varying series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli under Ganzfeld conditions, presented after 90 seconds of dark adaptation. One hundred and fifty series of stimulation were conducted across three experiments, and were analyzed for wavelength-dependency on the pupillary constriction amplitude (PCA), conditional on experimental settings and individual traits. Traits were surveyed by questionnaire; color vision was tested by Ishihara plates or the Lanthony D15 test. Data were analyzed with generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The pupillary constriction amplitude response is consistent with L+M-cone derived sensitivity when the series of light stimuli is continuous, i.e., is not interrupted by periods of darkness, but not otherwise. The results also show that a mesopic illuminance weighing led to an overall best prediction of pupillary constriction compared to other types of illuminance measures. IpRGC influence on PCA is not readily apparent from the results. When we explored the interaction of chronotype and time of day on the wavelength dependency, differences consistent with ipRGC influence became apparent. The models indicate that subjects of differing chronotype show a heightened or lowered sensitivity to short wavelengths, depending on their time of preference. IpRGC influence is also seen in the post-illumination pupil reflex if the prior light-stimulus duration is one second. However, shorter wavelengths than expected become more important if the light-stimulus duration is fifteen or thirty seconds. The influence of sex on PCA was present, but showed no interaction with wavelength. Our results help to define the conditions, under which the different wavelength sensitivities in literature hold up for monochromatic light settings. The chronotype effect might signify a mechanism for strengthening the individual´s chronotype, but demands replication in a controlled study.

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“…Last, but not least neurons in the brain expresses endogenous photoreceptors which are similar structurally and functionally to retinal rhodopsin [encephalopsins ( Blackshaw and Snyder, 1999 )]. Such non-visual opsins play a role in circadian rhythms and regulates physiologically relevant metabolic processes such lipolysis in relation to hibernation ( Guido et al, 2022 ). Having said this, a possible neuromodulatory role of non-visual opsins has yet to be shown, neither it is clear whether non-visual opsins absorb NIR at the power present to the skull).…”

Section: The Relatively Unexplored Issues Of Phototoxicity Photobleac...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advantages, Pitfalls, and Developments of All Optical Interrogation Strategies of Microcircuits in vivo

Papaioannou

Medini

2022

Front. Neurosci.

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The holy grail for every neurophysiologist is to conclude a causal relationship between an elementary behaviour and the function of a specific brain area or circuit. Our effort to map elementary behaviours to specific brain loci and to further manipulate neural activity while observing the alterations in behaviour is in essence the goal for neuroscientists. Recent advancements in the area of experimental brain imaging in the form of longer wavelength near infrared (NIR) pulsed lasers with the development of highly efficient optogenetic actuators and reporters of neural activity, has endowed us with unprecedented resolution in spatiotemporal precision both in imaging neural activity as well as manipulating it with multiphoton microscopy. This readily available toolbox has introduced a so called all-optical physiology and interrogation of circuits and has opened new horizons when it comes to precisely, fast and non-invasively map and manipulate anatomically, molecularly or functionally identified mesoscopic brain circuits. The purpose of this review is to describe the advantages and possible pitfalls of all-optical approaches in system neuroscience, where by all-optical we mean use of multiphoton microscopy to image the functional response of neuron(s) in the network so to attain flexible choice of the cells to be also optogenetically photostimulated by holography, in absence of electrophysiology. Spatio-temporal constraints will be compared toward the classical reference of electrophysiology methods. When appropriate, in relation to current limitations of current optical approaches, we will make reference to latest works aimed to overcome these limitations, in order to highlight the most recent developments. We will also provide examples of types of experiments uniquely approachable all-optically. Finally, although mechanically non-invasive, all-optical electrophysiology exhibits potential off-target effects which can ambiguate and complicate the interpretation of the results. In summary, this review is an effort to exemplify how an all-optical experiment can be designed, conducted and interpreted from the point of view of the integrative neurophysiologist.

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Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region

Cited by 28 publications

References 258 publications

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Advantages, Pitfalls, and Developments of All Optical Interrogation Strategies of Microcircuits in vivo

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