Non-uniform temperature distribution in Li-ion batteries during discharge – A combined thermal imaging, X-ray micro-tomography and electrochemical impedance approach

Comparative Study of Surface Temperature Behavior of Commercial Li-Ion Pouch Cells of Different Chemistries and Capacities by Infrared Thermography

“…Validation through comparing cell surface temperature obtained from model and physical measurements is, comparatively, a less complex and faster method of model validation [9]. However, due to the complexity of electrochemical reactions (e.g., effect of side reactions) and uneven current density distribution inside the cell, the spatial distribution of cell surface temperature can be non-uniform [10][11][12][13][14][15], in particular, for large format pouch cells for automotive applications. Moreover, the pattern of the heat distribution, e.g., location of maximum and average temperature, can be different depending on the type of applied load profile [15].…”

Extending battery life: A low-cost practical diagnostic technique for lithium-ion batteries

“…Other more advanced techniques such as EIS require additional hardware to be implemented which comes at a cost. EIS is also highly sensitive to temperature, which although making them useful for internal temperature estimation, makes them impractical for SOH diagnosis in most cases [30][31][32]. ICA is probably the most useful of the existing techniques, although it requires accurate current measurement for each cell, which can be impractical for cells in parallel.…”

“…The unequal and changing current in the cells as observed in Figure 2a and 4a is a result of differences in internal impedance and external resistance. The difference in internal impedance will depend on the cell's SOH, SOC, temperature and manufacturing inequalities [31,32]. The difference in external resistance arises from different contact resistances, wire length and cell's proximity to the loading point on the copper bus bar [6].…”

Battery Design for Successful Electrification in Public Transport

“…While pouch cells are relatively easy to cool due to their large surface area and the thin housing, the predominant direction of the thermal conduction of round cells is axial [42,43]. Moreover, a large temperature gradient can be found in some of the axial cells due to the connection to the terminals [44]. Therefore, cooling via the surface is not only more difficult due to the shape but also less effective.…”