Non-traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic disease: A review for emergency physicians

Evaluation of Aspirin and Statin Therapy Use and Adherence in Patients With Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

“…Therefore, it may be hypothesized that in such patients, nontraditional and nonmetabolic risk factors (eg, hereditary thrombophilia, inflammatory disorders) may instead be more prevalent. 40 , 41 The treatment of nontraditional and nonmetabolic conditions may supersede the secondary prevention of ASCVD. In patients with premature ASCVD, the occurrence of the index ASCVD event at a younger age may be incorrectly perceived as an isolated episode rather than as the true risk for recurrent adverse cardiovascular events.…”

HIV-associated cardiovascular pathology

“…Возникновение сердечно-сосудистых осложнений может быть обусловлено не только наличием ВИЧ-инфекции, но и приемом АРТ. Большинство заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы у ВИЧ-инфицированных сопряжено с низким уровнем иммунитета и высокой вирусной нагрузкой [8]. Пациенты с хорошо контролируемой ВИЧ-инфекцией и низким риском по Фремингемской шкале имеют высокую распространенность субклинического атеросклероза сонной артерии, а основными факторами риска являются возраст и интенсивность воспаления.…”

Role of Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Syndromes and Co-morbidities

“…The role of heme oxygenase in these syndromes and atherosclerosis, will be considered below. The etiology of atherosclerosis is presently not clearly defined, however major risk factors for its development and severity are well known and include obesity, smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes, along with a family history of the condition [ 22 ]. The pathogenesis of the disease occurs as a primary result of formation of plaques composed of blood proteins, cholesterol, fat and calcium deposits, into which macrophages typically migrate and mature into “foam cells” as a result of ingestion of plaque material – which express high levels of inflammatory cytokines, this compounding the effects of blood flow restriction with inflammatory tissue damage [ 23 ].…”